English and Vietnamese Adjective Phrases.

PART A INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale. Nowadays, face is the most widely apply in the institution and plays an important role together with the development of society and technologies. side of meat is non only the effective means of communication however also hand over its progressive effects in many aspects of life. Practically, lead on the identicalities and differences amidst the 2 lanongonococcal urethritisages and cultures face and Vietnamese has been one of my toycerns. It is clear that thither argon many differences mingled with the two languages of as onlyse in grammar, lexicology, translation, phonetic and so on.However there s gutter exist plenty of similarities and differences amid English and Vietnamese that hind end be demonstrated contrastive analysis. When choosing the subject for the assignment, I regulate oft attention to adjectival phrases be suffer this field whitethorn make me confused. I want that this study help me as well as thrower(a) learners get out understand procedural phrases in English and Vietnamese thoroughly. 2. Aims of the study. My look for aims at. + Giving theoretical background of English and Vietnamese adjective phrases. Analyzing of the vocalize point in English adjective with Vietnamese equivalence + Presenting slightly difficulties faced by Vietnamese learners of English in adjective phrases and 3. background of the study. During the study process, I contract been attracted by adjective phrases. Because of time valuation account and make outledge, I bottomland non cover all its constructions, procedures, and so on hardly only centering on rears, and I introduce many similarities and differences of adjective phrases between English and Vietnamese for the research. PART B DEVELOPMENT I. Literature Review I. 1.Definition of adjectival phrase I. 1. 1. English Adjective phrase fit to Quirk et al. (57) and Greenbaunm (32), an adjective phrase is a phrase with an adjective such as bouffant or happy as its theme. Within the adjectives phrase, the adjective may be pre-modified (too c arful) or post-modified (afraid of ghost ) or some(prenominal) of premodifed and post modified (too frozen to swim, extremely afraid of ghost). The mental synthesis of the usual adjective phrase is shown at the following figure. The p benthesis indicate the optional elements. pic Eg. I am stock(a) whirl The room is full of smoke ead postmod. The bus is rattling windy to set off premod. head postmod. I. 1. 1. Vietnamese Adjective phrase check to Di? p Quang Ban (5) and Nguy? n Tai C? n (10), a Vietnamese adjective phrase is a phrase in which there is an adjective as a head. For example t? t, v? n r? t t? t, r? t t? t, t? t qua. equal English adjectives, Vietnamese adjectives fool the ability to intensify with record changers which be divided into two parts changers preceding the head be called premodifiers, whereas those following the head be called premodifiers. In Vietnamese adjective phrases, some modifiers base egress both ahead and later on the head. eg. xinh qua, qua xinh, c? c k? t? t, t? t c? c k?. Like the structure of noun phrases and verb phrases, the full construction of an adjective phrase consists of three components a head, premodifier, and postmodifer and the short construction may consist of one component (a head) or two components (a head and premodifier or a head and postmodifier). The structure of the characteristic Vietnamese adjective phrase is in the following figure premodifier(s) + head + postmodifier(s) I. 2.Adjective phrases and their nightclubs I. 2. 1. countersign high society by dint of syntactic utilizations of English adjective phrases According to Greenbaum (32) Adjective expires have two main functions premodifier of a noun ( attributive genitive function) and subject predicative(subject predicative function). Eg. premodifier of a noun (attributive function) My cat is a rattling curious cat . Subject predicative(subject predicative function). My sister is truly pretty Besides, There atomic number 18 some otherwise functions of adjective phrase Object predicative function They be sacking to paint their house pink Postmodifier of a pronoun Shall we go to somewhere chill out? Postmodifier of a noun I dont mean to make my wife sad Nominal adjective You should confuse the Chinese and the Japanese concomitant of a preposition he did not come back home till late last night. a. intelligence ordinance in arrogate function When they come before nouns, they occur in the following order a (adjective) + b (noun) Eg. Barack Obama is a extremely strict president a + b As the example shows, adjective phrases used in premodification are ordinarily either one denomination phrase. When they come aft(prenominal) nouns, they occur in the following order b (noun) + a (adjective) Eg. I am xiii years old b + a Anyone intelligent usher out engage for the job b + a Ba rack Obama was the president elect. b + a b. Word order in predicative function In adjective phrase, an adjective not only occurs in attributive position, it stomach also appear in predicative position as subject complement after linking verbs like be, seem, appear, especially the verbs of good sense taste, look, smell, etc. There is a copular similitudeship between subject and subject complement.The denomination order prat be linealized as a (subject) + b (linking verb) + c (adjective) Eg The patty tastes sweet a + b + c Your perfume smells musky a + b + c That music sounds delightful a + b + c She seems innocent a + b + c I. 2. 2. Word order through Syntactic functions of Vietnamese Adjective phrases a. Word order in prenominal function In Vietnamese adjective phrases, adjective in the attributive function often follow the noun they modify according to the order a (noun) + b (adjective) (noun) + b (modifier) + c (adjective) a (noun) + c (adjective) + b (modifier) Eg. loca l area network da nau c? a co ? y v? n cu? n hut toi = Her brown skin still attracts me Do la bu? i sang mai th? t d? p = That is a in truth(prenominal) nice early morning M? t chi? c vay l? a Ha Dong th? t d? p a + c + b + d M? t chi? c vay c? a Ha Dong b? ng l? a th? t d? p a + b + c + d M? t chi? c vay l? a th? t d? p c? a Ha Dong a + c + d + b M? t chi? c vay th? t d? p b? ng l? a c? Ha Dong a + d + c + b b. Word order in Predicative Function In Vietnamese adjective phrases, adjectives can today function as predicative like verbs and the order can be formalised as a (subject) + b (adjective) Eg. B? phim th? t hay = The flash was very interesting a + b When Vietnamese adjectives are in the predicative function, they can combine with the criteria of verbs. These are + aspect-time maker da, s? , t? ng, con, chua, etc. a (subject) + b (aspect-time maker) + c (head) Eg. Co ngu? i toc da b? c pho + b + c II. Contrastive analysis of the word order in English adjective with Vietn amese equivalence It is straightforward that both English and Vietnamese are analytical languages but they give way to different linguistic typologies. English is an intonational and analytical language, whereas Vietnamese is a typical isolating and non- transitional language. Therefore, apart from the similarities which do not cause difficulties for learners, there are many differences between English and Vietnamese adjective phrases and their orders which can cause a variety of problems (errors and confusion) for learners.So, I will go late into the differences only and I think equivalence might be the scoop way to identify the differences in the word order in English and Vietnamese adjective phrases. The following comparison will focus on the differences in 1. Word order through syntactic functions of adjective phrases 2. Word order in premodification of adjective phrases 3. Word order through fundamental stages of comparison II. 1. Word order through syntactic functions of adjective phrases In terms of main syntactic functions, most English and Vietnamese adjectives can be used both attributively and predicatively.When adjective function attributively, they associate to a quality or characteristic to what is denoted noun they modify. However, there are differences in the word order in the English and Vietnamese adjective phrases through their syntactic functions. II. 1. 1. Word order in Attributive function he is a very generous man Anh ? y la m? t ngu? i hao phong Premod. + N N + postmod. English is a rather difficult subject Ti? ng Anh la m? t mon h? c kha kho Premod. + N N + postmod From the to a higher place examples, it can be seen that both English and Vietnamese adjective functions as attribute of nouns, i. e. in attributive function, and they do not vary in form to agree with nouns. However, in the attributive function, English adjectives are used as premodifier of the noun, i. e. they come before the noun and appear between the dete rminer and the head of the noun phrase, whereas Vietnamese adjectives share the resembling character in that they often function as postmodifier, i. . they come after the noun. This is an important difference between the two languages. II. 1. 2Word order in predicative function The following examples show the difference in the word order of adjective phrases in predicative function. Eg. Lan is very pretty and intelligent Lan r? t xinh d? p va thong minh intensive V. Adj. + Adj. Adj. + Adj. I dont like biography in the house because it is so Toi khong thich s? ng trong ngoi nha do vi no b? n th? i va t? tam-o-shanter dirty and dark Adj. + Adj. intensive V. Adj. + Adj. Apart from the attributive function, both English and Vietnamese adjectives can also be used predicatively. However, in English, when adjectives function as predicate they are used after an intensive verb be. unconnected English adjectives, Vietnamese adjectives play the predicative role directly without the linking verb be, i. e. in this function, Vietnamese adjectives are used to complete a censure without any verbs or verb phrase.On the contrary, English adjectives can never function as verbs. In a sentence, they moldiness follow a verb or a verb phrase. Moreover, when we translate from English into Vietnamese, we often meet a capacious number of disyllabic adjectives in Vietnamese. For example xinh xinh x? n (beautiful) kho kho khan (difficult) ch? m ch? m ch? p (slow) g? n g? n gang (tidy) Generally, these disyllabic adjectives are formed from syllabic adjectives. Whether using monosyllabic or disyllabic depends on the habit of the Vietnamese Eg. It is clear that he is instead slow Ro rang r? ng anh ? y kha ch? ch? p The hold up makes me feel tired Th? i ti? t beat cho toi c? m th? y m? t m? i Further more than, almost all Vietnamese monosyllabic adjectives can be used repeatedly to diminish the characteristics or levels. And these are typical features of Vietnamese a djectives which we do not find in English, for example I felt up cold (Toi c? m th? y lanh l? nh). Unlike English adjectives, in Vietnamese, some adjectives can combine with nouns adjective + noun to form the group of state adjectives to give tongue to the state of the characteristics. For example My mother is a very careful and helpful womanM? c? a toi la m? t ngu? i ph? n? c? n th? n va nhi? t tinh These group of words have nonliteral pith and can function as predicate and attribute. Here are some groups of words which are frequently used nong tinh(hot-tempered), d? tinh(easy-going), t? t b? ng(knid-hearted), sang d? (clever), dung c? m (brave), etc. However, when the order of the groups of words is inverted, the metaphoric gist disappears. Besides, in Vietnamese, the structure ma + adjectives is used to strongly stub out the objection to an opinion, a observation just made by the speaker.This structure is only applied the peers or inferiors Eg. Is Nam really neighborly? Anh Nam ma than thi? n a? Generally, in languages, the arbitrary sentences have the positive center, but in Vietnamese, when ma precedes adjectives in the sentence, the sentence has the negative meaning. The sentence Anh Nam ma than thi? n a? (Is Nam really friendly? ) means Nam is not friendly Another feature of Vietnamese adjectives which does not exist in English. That is, adjectives that precede ra, len, di l? i to form aggregate words or the group of words turn into verbs or have the character of verbs.In Vietnamese, the pattern adjectives + ra/len/ di/l? i is used to express the development of character, state of things or people. When these words combine with adjectives, they often demand the presupposition and have the opposite content, for example when we secern Lan d? o nay trong xinh ra. It implies that Lan is more beautiful than before. In Vietnamese, the sense of positive uses the pattern adjective + ra/len. In English, this structure is verbalized by Intens ive verb + adjective with the comparative meaning. The earth is becoming warm Trai d? t dang nong d? len Vintensive + Adj Adj + len II. 1. 3. Word order in premodification of adjective phrases In this section, we will discuss and analyse the differences in the word order in premodification of English and Vietnamese adjective phrases in detail through translation Eg. I am very glad to meet you Toi r? t vui m? ng du? c g? p anh Intensi. + Adj Intensi. Adj The tigers are very big and savage Nh? ng con h? ?y to l? n va hung d? l? m Intensi. + Adj + adj Adj + adj+ Intensi. She is very uneasy before each exam Co ? y da qua lo l? ng tru? c m? i k? thi Intensifier + Adj Intensi. + Adj I am very remorseful and disappointed Toi th? an h? n va th? t v? ng qua Intensifier + Adj + Adj Adj + adj+ Intensi Through the above examples, it should be noted both English and Vietnamese adjectives serve as the head of adjective phrases. Adjective phrases may contain only an adjective as the head, or two components the head and premodifier or the head and postmodifier. both English and Vietnamese adjectives are premodified chiefly by adverbs. Generally, premodifiers are intensifiers.In English, they are very, extremely, rather, a bit, quite, etc. and in Vietnamese, they are r? t, r? t la, qua, th? t, c? c k? , hoi, etc. However, there are some differences in the order of the adverbs denoting degrees in the two languages. In English, these adverbs are followed by adjectives opus in Vietnamese, they can occur both before and after adjectives. For instance, in Vietnamese, the adverbs r? t, qua, l? m are used to indicate the highest degree of the personal or non-personal characteristics and they are the same meaning but different in usage.All of them can be translated as very besides, qua, l? m may be translated as too and so in English. These examples also show that the word order of adverbs of degree very in English and r? t r? t la in Vietnamese is the same, i. e. they occur before adjectives. However, very and r? t are often used in written language, whereas r? t la is often used in spoken language. But when very is used as l? m or qua, the word order us absolutely different. L? m in Vietnamese must be preceded by adjectives and it is often used in spoken language.Contrary to l? m, the word qua may occur before or after adjectivels in spoken language to express an exclamation. Also c? c k? , tuy? t, th? t may occur before or after adjectives. However, the words qua, c? c k? , tuy? t, th? t often appear after adjectives, therefore, when they are used before adjectives, they are often used with the meaning of emphasis or assessment. Unlike English adjectives, Vietnamese adjectives can play the predicative role directly, so they can combine with the aspect-time criteria of the verbs such as da, dang, s? , v? n,c? con and it is a typical feature of Vietnamese. This combination expresses the relation between the characteristics and time. Th ese characteristics are base on the sense of native speakers and they exist like the form of the state. In short, modifiers da, dang, s? , v? n, c? , con not only express grammatical meaning but also the purpose of the statement and the relation between a speaker and reality. In Vietnamese, in certain situations of the sentence, these meanings will be distinguished. Eg. They were very successful H? a r? t thanh cong Vintens. + Intensi. + Adj time-maker + intens. + adj Our country is different now D? t nu? c c? a chung ta da khac xua Vintens.. + Adj time-maker + adj After the wedding, She is very happy Sau l? cu? i, co ? dang r? t h? nh phuc Vintens. + Intensi. + Adj time-maker + adj I hope that you will be comfortable Toi hy v? ng la b? n s? c? m th? y tho? i mai Aux. + Vintens.. + Adj time-maker + adj My wife was still angry V? toi v? n con gi? Vintens.. + Adv + adj time-maker + adj From these, we can see a very queer structural difference In English, aspect-time cate gories are indicated by the forms of the verbs, whereas do not Vietnamese do not have the category of time and the meaning of the time is indicate by supporting words da, dang, s? , v? n, c? , v? n con. In Vietnamese, the predicative function is explicit by the structures da/dang/s? /v? n/c? con/v? n c? /con c? + adjective, but in English this function is expressed by different structures intensive verb(past) + adjective intensive verb(present) + adjective, auxiliary + present participle+ adjective auxiliary + be + adjective, intensive verb + still + adjective. II. 1. 4 Word order through basic degree of comparison approximately adjectives in English and Vietnamese can pose comparison. These are hierarchic adjectives and they have three degrees of comparison same degree higher degree lower degree a. The same degree comparisonIn both English and Vietnamese, when we say two things or persons are equal, we use the adjective in the same degree. In english, we use the structur e as + adj + as, whereas in Vietnamese, we use some modifiers nhu, b? ng, tuong t? after adjectives in the structure adj + nhu/b? ng/tuong t?. For example My wife is not as beautiful as yours V? toi khong xinh b? ng v? anh My house is as small as your office Nha c? a toi ch? b? ng van phong c? anh thoi Nobody can understand me as a lot as my mother Khong ai co th? hi? u toi nhu m? c? b. The higher degree comparison In order to indicate the difference in the word order in the degrees of comparison. prototypal I would give here some examples and their translation into Vietnamese. Hanoi is much more beautiful than Hanoi was Ha N? i ngay nay d? p hon nhi? u Ha N? i tru? c kia Health and happiness are more important than money S? c kho? va h? nh phuc quan tr? ng hon ti? n b? sensation of the worst diseases which mankind have is cancer M? t trong nh? ng can b? nh nguy hi? m nh? t ma loai ngu? i ph? i ch? u la ung thu These examples show that in the higher degree of compari son, English adjectives change their forms. They are indicated by the inflection er or the premodifier more in the comparitive degrees of comparison. We also add the inflection est or the premodifier most to show the superlative degree.We have some special(prenominal) rules when using er, est, more and most. In contrast, in Vietnamese, in both comparative and superlative degrees, modifiers always come after the adjective they modify and adjectives do not change their form in both cases c. The lower degree of comparison When we want to say a person or a thing has less of a quality wherefore the other, we use the comparison of the lower degree. In the lower degree, English adjectives take the modifier less.. thusly? or can be negated from the compare degree and the net degree can be denoted by adding the modifier the least.In the lower degree, on the other hand, Vietnamese adjectives take the modifier kem hon or negative words khong b? ng Khong du? c nhu and the lowest degree can be expressed by the words kem nh? t it nh? t. For example The film was less interesting than I anticipate B? phim nay khong hay nhu toi mong d? i less + adj + than khong + adj nhu This city is not as dangerous as others thanh ph? nay khong nguy hi? nhu cac thanh ph? khac not + as + adj + as In Vietnamese, the relation between these modifiers is very complicated. For instance, we may consider b? ng opposite to kem and khong b? ng may replaced by kem. The word hon may have the similar meaning as b? ng when it combines with khong (khong hon). For example Khong co gi quy hon d? c l? p t? do (Nothing is more precious than independence and freedom) Di? m c? a anh ? y khong hon di? m toiDue to the complete semantics of these modifiers we do not have grammatical category relating to the meaning of degrees of comparison of Vietnamese adjectives. In short, in this chapter, we have discussed the major issues relating to the differences in the form, the word order through the syntac tic function, the word order in premodification and basic degrees of comparison of English and Vietnamese adjectives. We can say the word order in Vietnamese phrases is much more complicated then that in English adjective phrases because in Vietnamese adjective phrases, more modifiers can occur both before and after the head adjective phrases.The striking difference between the English and Vietnamese adjective phrases is in the word order through the attributive and predicative functions. Moreover, Vietnamese adjectives may appear with the modifiers showing aspect-time criteria of verbs which we do not find in English. Besides, in English. we clearly distinguish parts of speech adjectives and adverbs with words denoting manner while in Vietnamese we have only one adjectives. II. 2. Some students greens mistakes in using adjective phrases English and Vietnamese are quite different languages, so it is impossible to avoid mistake when learners use adjective phrases.The following mista kes can be the most common ones + Learners often sic adjectives in the wrong order because of the influence of their mother tongue. As you know both English and Vietnamese adjectives are used to modify nouns, but English adjectives often precede the nouns they modify, whereas Vietnamese adjectives often follow the nouns they modify. That is the debate why Vietnamese learners use adjectives incorrectly. + Vietnamese learners often confuse between adjectives which have the -ed and -ing worried/worrying, excited/exciting, etc.They do not know when they have to use -ed adjectives, when they must use -ing ones. For example a boring film or a bored film PART C refinement This study has analysed, compared the word order in English and Vietnamese adjective phrases. It has analysed the similarities and differences in the arrangement of the words in adjective phrases between two languages based on the basic grammatical structures. By examining the description and comparison of the word o rder in English adjective phrases with Vietnamese equivalents, this study has shown there are both similarities and differences in the two languages.The most typical similarity is in the structure premodifier + Adj + postmodifier shared by the two languages where the head of the adjective phrases is in the centre of the phrase and around it there may be modifiers premodifier and postmodifier, but they are optional. The basic differences in the word order in English and Vietnamese adjective phrases are likely to cause many problems in understanding, expressing ideas and translation. So much attention should be salaried to the differences in teaching adjective phrases to Vietnamese learners. -The end- REFERENCES 1. Aarts. F. & Aart,J. , (1982) English syntactic structures. Oxford Pergamon Press 2. Alexander,L. G. (1992). Longman English Grammar. EssexLongman 3. Ban, Diep Quang (1998) Ng? Phap ti? ng Vi? t. Ha N? i Nha xu? t b? n Giao d? c 4. Fisiak,J. (1981) Contrastive analysis and language teacher. Oxford Oxford Pergamon Institute of English 5. M? nh, Tr? n H? u. (2000). A guide to University grammar of English. Ha N? i D? i h? c M?. 6. Quirk,R et al. (1973). A University Grammar of English. Essex Longman ADJECTIVE PHRA SE Pre-modifier(s) Adjective Postmodifier (s)