Creationism - The Theory of Evolution is not Logical Essay

Creationism - The Theory of Evolution is not Logical Genesis 1:1â€Å"In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.† This quote, taken from the Hebrew Bible describes the belief that religious Jews and Christians follow. These two religions think that man, the earth, and the rest of the universe were originally created instead of the theory of evolution. This view on the origin of the earth is unique, because it was the first religion to practice monotheism (belief in one God), and that God alone created the universe. Contrary to African and Hindu theories, Jews and Christians believe that the world was created by one higher power. As explained in the Bible, God worked for six days. During these six days God created the entire†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"And God called the light day, and the darkness he called night†. The second day God constructed the Earth’s atmosphere, seperating the water into two parts: a) oceanic and subterranean water b) atmospheric water Day three God worked on making the difference between dry land and oceans. He then gave Earth vegetation. The Sun, Moon, and Stars were shaped on the fourth day. With the Moon’s creation, months, seasons, and years were produced. Water creatures and birds soon followed on the fifth day. Finally, on the sixth day God produced the rest of the animal kingdom and human beings. On the seventh day he rested. He ceases working, and the Bible’s second chapter establishes the tradition of the Sabbath. â€Å"And God blessed the seventh day and declared it holy, because on it God ceased from all the work of creation that He had done†(Genesis 2:3). Through this quote, God establishes the importance of the Sabbath. In the Bible, God never mentions the billions of years in which evolution takes place. The evolution theory is not an idea that stemmed from Judao/Christian beliefs. Evolutionists feel that the â€Å"Big Bang explosion† created the universe. The Big Bang theory states that the world was formed by a chance explosion in the universe. The explosion formed the planets, and for billions of years the universe evolved. Plants, animals, and human beings came into existence by chance. The complexity of the wayShow MoreRelatedWhy Creationism Should Be Taught919 Words   |  4 Pagesentitled â€Å"Why creationism should be taught in schools.† As can be ascertained from the title, the author’s position is that the theory of creation should be taught in schools alongside evolutionary studies. She writes the essay with a sure and almost condescending tone, making certain claims out of context in addition to using faulty logic in what I personally see as an attempt to confuse the reader about the view opposite her own. She begins her essay by discussing how teaching creationism has beenRead More Creationism in Public Schools Essay1429 Words   |  6 PagesCreationism in Public Schools Teaching Creationism in Schools The question as to whether or not creationism should be taught in public schools is a very emotional and complex question. It can be looked at from several different angles, its validity being one of them. Despite the lack of evidence to support the fundamentalist idea of creationism, that in itself is not enough to warrant its exclusion from the curriculum of public schools in the United States. The question is far moreRead MoreDefending Evolution And Its Importance1286 Words   |  6 PagesAndrew Shin Mr. Coltman Anthro 1 April 23, 2015 Defending Evolution and its Importance The definition of creationism is the belief that the universe and living organisms originated from specific acts of a divine creation, as a biblical account, rather than natural processes such as evolution. 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Water Pollution The Slow Demise Of A Community - 1552 Words

Water Pollution; the Slow Demise of a Community Water is essential to all life. Plants need water, people need water, other animals need water; the point being that life depends on water. For thousands of years we can see that humans all have settled near bodies of water. This allowed them to have water for drinking, coking, and cleaning as well as a very efficient mode of transportation. We must be very careful to protect our waters because they are necessary for life. In this essay I will discuss the problem with Phillips, Wisconsin waters and three ways we can stop and prevent pollution. Step 1. Identify the Problem As you know Phillips is blessed with many lakes. Our waterways are very important in my town. Some of the negative effects water pollution is having in my area are sterilizing lakes and streams which are commonly used for fishing by locals and tourists who bring in a lot of money for the town. The reasons for water pollution are generally cheap disposal of waste and easy disposal waste. It is common for sewage to be dumped in local lakes. This is done because it’s easy and cheap to just dump the sewage and forget about the effects. There are two large contributors to the pollution of our lakes. The first of which is the local factories. 33.4 billion Metric tons of carbon dioxide are created by factories worldwide each year. Where do you think this carbon ends up? 50% of the carbon stays in the atmosphere poisoning our lungs, 26% is absorbed into the land,Show MoreRelatedOceans in Crisis Essay1842 Words   |  8 Pagespopular mind-set is that the oceans are a bottomless supply of fish, natural resources, and an infinite waste dump. There are myriad reasons why the oceans should be saved and the most obvious one is marine life. 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However, since the late 1950s, human beings have decimated the total of mangrove forests by a third (Fidenci, 2007). The World Atlas of Mangroves states decimation of mangroves is occurring â€Å"four times faster† than on land forestationRead MoreThe As A Vegetarian Based Or Vegan Diet ( Watters )2295 Words   |  10 Pagesmeatless diet (Avey). Vegetarianism can decrease the risk of cancer along with other health concerns, can solve problems the world presently faces,—such a s world hunger and animal cruelty— and can have positive effects on the environment—such as pollution reduction and overgrazing reduction. People need to adopt a vegetarian lifestyle because it will improve public health, the environment, and help solve social issues. In her article â€Å"Now the Best of Times for a Change,† journalist Alyn Ware explainsRead MoreThe Paradigm Change And Scientific Revolution2944 Words   |  12 Pagesyou answer. 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Trifles Essay Example For Students

Trifles Essay Trifles Essay by: Tammy Wallick Mention the word feminist and most people think of the modern womens movement. Long before the bra burning of the 60s, however, writers were writing about the lives and concerns of women living in a male dominated society. Susan Glaspells play, Trifles, was written in 1916, long before the modern womens movement began. Her story reveals, through Glaspells use of formal literary proprieties, the role that women are expected to play in society, and the harm that it brings not only the women, but the men as well. Character names are important in Trifles. Two characters who are never seen, John and Minnie Wright, provide the inciting incident for the play. The name Wright plays off the social stereotype of women seeking Mr. Right, so they also represent the roles of men and women in the larger society. Minnies name has a double significance, Minnie being mini or minimized, which was descriptive of her relationship with John and in general of womens relationship with men. The taking of the husbands name is also important in the story. Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters are not given first names. The role that society has cast them in is one that is defined by their husbands. Mrs. Peters, who is married to the sheriff, is viewed in those terms, not as an individual. The county attorney even says for that matter a sheriffs wife is married to the law (Glaspell . .). Mrs. Peters herself tries to fulfill that role, saying Mrs. Hale, the law is the law (Glaspell .. ). She tries to reinforce that identity until she is faced with the brutality of what John Wright did to Minnie. She says I know what stillness is. The law has got to punish crime, Mrs. Hale (Glaspell .. ). The difference is that she is talking about the crime committed against Minnie, not the murder. The best example of the importance of names, especially married names, is the image of Minnie Foster. I hear she used to wear pretty clothes and be lively when she was Minnie Foster . . . Mrs. Hale says (Glaspell..). She talks about Minnie again on page .. : I wish youd seen Minnie Foster when she wore a white dress with blue ribbons and stood up there in the choir and sang (Glaspell..). The image of Minnie Foster is used to show, by contrast, what John Wright had done to Minnie. Howshedidchange says Mrs. Hale (Glaspell . .). John Wright abuses Minnie by denying her her personality and individuality, and eventually Minnie kills John to escape that abuse. By extension of the analogy between the Wrights and men and women in general, the idea is that it is only a matter of time before women who are forced to enslave themselves to a male dominated society get fed up and seek revenge on their oppressors. Understanding Trifles takes thought to identify and understand the plays two major metaphors. The first of these is the bird/bird-cage metaphor. Mrs. Hale describes Minnie (before her marriage to John) as kind of like a bird herself real sweet and pretty, but kind of timid and fluttery (Glaspell ..). Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters find Minnies bird cage in the cupboard, but they do not realize the importance of it until they find the dead bird with its neck twisted to one side. The comparison here is between Minnie and the bird. The bird is caged just as Minnie is trapped in the abusive relationship with John. John Wright figuratively strangles the life out of Minnie like he literally strangles the bird. When John kills the bird, he kills the last bit of Minnie, but he makes a mistake in doing so. The broken bird cage represents Minnies freedom from the restrictive role of Mrs. The End Of Eden - Desertification In Africa Essay Wright. Once she is free she takes her revenge for all of the years of abuse and oppression. She strangles the life out of John like he strangled her spirit and her bird. The bird/bird-cage metaphor is also a representative of the role women are forced into in society, the bird being women and the cage being the male dominated society. The other major metaphor is the quilt. The quilt represents Minnies life. .

How does Shakespeare create excitement and tension in Act 3 Scene 1 Essay Example For Students

How does Shakespeare create excitement and tension in Act 3 Scene 1? Essay Act 3 Scene 1 of Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet is an important turning point in the play. This scene acts as a catalyst for all of the events that have already happened so far. It sparks off many more events, all of which build up to tragedy. After this scene nothing more is happy, this is predicted earlier on in the play. From early on doom is prophesised by more than one character. These violent delights have violent ends, As friar Lawrence says in Act 2 Scene 6, even though he has no idea that anything will lead to death. He is very uneasy about the whole marriage. There is so much tension that has built up over the past scenes, as the Prince has appointed death as the punishment for the two familys next public brawl. As the scene opens I want Mercutio to stride in confidently and joking about with the other men, I only want there to be three or four other men with Mercutio and Benvolio. I also want for Mercutio to push the other men about a little, almost as if they are playing tag. This is because it fits Mercutios character, which we have seen much of in the past scenes, also as Mercutio has no worries to do with the Capulets because he is not a Mountague. However, Benvolio should lag behind and appear unwilling to be there, he should look all around him and then hurry up to Mercutio. When Benvolio says his first lines I want him to half mutter and half plead with Mercutio as he is worried about an incident with the Capels. if we meet, we shall not scape a brawl, For now, these hot days, is the mad blood stirring. In these first few lines we notice that the atmosphere is in complete contrast to the last scene of tranquility, happiness and peacefulness. I want Mercutios first lines to be said completely seriously and he must look serious, like he means every word that he is saying. When he is finished though I want him to smile and clap Benvolio on the shoulder to show everyone that he is only joking about and teasing. During all of Mercutios first taunts I think that Benvolio should be following the from market stall to market stall, whilst looking all around him furtively. The other men with Mercutio and Benvolio should follow Mercutio and laugh loudly at his jests. When he says Am I like such a fellow? I think that Benvolio should be distracted and trying to lead the others away as he knows what will ensue if they meet with the Capulets. As Mercutio goes on to tease Benvolio about being what he is not and what he does not do, I think he should walk around as if he owns the place, strutting. Through this Mercutio should face the audience for most of it and grin at them, this is so that the crowd gets drawn in. To bring back any of them who got bored or lost in the wedding scene before, it also sets the audience up for the fight that will happen. I want for Tybalt to enter first with about four men behind him, no more than five. They should stand in a row slightly behind him. Tybalt is looking very confident and is at the opposite end of the stage to Mercutio and Benvolio. Tybalt should look as if he is searching for someone and his expression should be solemn. Meanwhile at the other end of the stage Mercutio has sat down outside a pub or place with tables and chairs. Benvolio should look as if he is beginning to stop worrying and is starting to joke about with Mercutio and the others. Then Benvolio is just about to sit down when out of the corner of his eye he spots Tybalt. His whole head immediately swivels round in the direction of Tybalt when he says By my head, here comes the Capulets. By this time Tybalt too has spotted his rivals and is moving closer to them. Mercutio, as ever the comedian who hasnt a care in the world, raises his heels one by one onto the table when he says his line By my heel, I care not. I got this idea from Baz Luhrmanns modern film version of Romeo and Juliet. I want Tybalt to have his hand on the hilt of his sword as his swordsmanship is like his vice. As he walks closer to Mercutio I want him to turn his head sideways and tell his men to Follow me close, for I will speak to them.- The hyphen indicates a pause; this is as Tybalt goes to speak to Mercutio and Benvolio. He comes to a stand still about two metres away from the seated Mountagues and Mercutio. When Mercutio talks to Tybalt I want him to talk with disdain towards Tybalt to accentuate that Mercutio stops talking in blank verse and uses prose. The audience will notice the difference as the more important characters use blank verse when talking to one another. However, the lower characters use prose, which seems cruder and less eloquent. Shakespeare often used prose for vulgarity and comedy in the mouths of the lower characters. As Mercutio is not using blank verse it shows his disrespect for Tybalt. When Mercutio and Tybalt are speaking Mercutio is teasing Tybalt by using his words carefully. Tybalt doesnt have this skill with his words and allows Mercutio to take his words and twist them to give them a new or different meaning. Tybalt doesnt see what is so funny about what he has said or he doesnt see the other meaning, such as Mercutio, thou consortst with Romeo- Mercutio immediately takes the other meaning of the word consort, to combine with musically. He thinks that Tybalt is calling him and Romeo minstrels. When Mercutio is saying these lines What, dost thou make us minstrels? An thou make minstrels of us Heres my fiddlestick; heres that shall make you dance I want Mercutio to look offended and angry and to sound angry at Tybalt, but also to have a slight teasing undertone to his voice. When he says Heres my fiddlestick I want Mercutio to stand up, pull his sword out and begin to dance comically. While he is dancing I want him to be pointing his sword at Tybalts feet. Benvolio as we have seen before in the play acts as the peace maker and tries to stop Tybalt and Mercutio from starting a fight. We talk here in the public haunt of men. Either withdraw unto someplace, Or reason coldly of your grievances, I want Benvolio, who has been standing behind Mercutio to move in front of him and between him and Tybalt. I want him to hold his hands up to both Tybalt and Mercutio to try and placate them. He is deadly serious as he knows that if they fight things will go wrong, he says so in his lines as he knows what Prince Escalus will do if they fight. Romeo should enter from the side of the stage where Tybalt entered; I want him to seem to be wandering aimlessly as if lost in thoughts of Juliet and their marriage. He doesnt spot Mercutio until slightly later. I want for Tybalt to be the first one to see Romeo and as Tybalt sees Romeo I want him to turn sideways so that he is facing Romeo. After Tybalt says his lines I want for Mercutio to point his sword as Tybalts chest as he is insulted that Tybalt called Romeo his man which has one meaning of a servant. He should almost hiss the words when he says his lines to Tybalt. Romeo still has not spotted Mercutio and Benvolio even though he is only a few metres away from them; this is when I want Tybalt to say his next lines. I want him to shout them as the market place will be busy and Romeo is a little bit away and I want him to emphasise thou art a villain. Tybalt should then spit on the floor to show his dislike for Romeo. Waiting For Godot EssayI want him to sound angry as he is accusing Juliet for making him weak and for love making him less manly. When Benvolio returns I want him to run back to Romeos side and say in a voice without any emotion that Mercutio has died. I want him to sound emotionless as the death of Mercutio has hit him hard and its not something that any expected would happen. This days black fate on moe days doth depend: This but begins the woe others must end. Romeo too should sound emotionless when he says this; I think itll help make the audience feel for Mercutios death, which is important I think in making Mercutios death effective in this play. I want Tybalt to come in with his sword hanging limply from his hand and I want him to look dazed as his enters, but when he spots Romeo again I want him to look defensive and move towards Romeo. As Benvolio sees Tybalt I want him to lay a hand on Romeos arm, this is as Benvolio doesnt want any more fighting to be going on. However, Romeo moves towards Tybalt and says his first three lines quite quietly, but then I want him to grow gradually louder during the rest of his lines until he gets to Either though or I, or both, must go with him. By the time he gets here I want him to scream the words at Tybalt. Tybalt should look slightly taken aback but then he gathers himself quickly and I want him to lift his sword up as he is saying his lines. Romeo too draws just after Tybalt, he says his line This shall determine that. I want them both to lunge for each other and the entire fight will last no longer than two minutes, the fight should consist of them both lunging at each other in a mad fury, then at the very end of the fight I want Tybalt to stumble just as Romeo lunges at him. Tybalts arms would be flailing and Romeos sword drives into Tybalts heart. Romeo should pull back and Tybalt bends over and falls to the ground. At this scene in front of him I want Romeo to fall to his knees, for him to drop his sword and look at the audience with a shocked look on his face. Benvolio moves over to Romeo and tries to lift him up and get him to move as he says his lines. Romeo, away be gone! The citizens are up, and Tybalt slain Stand not amazed. The Prince will doom thee death, Romeo should all the while be staring into the crowd, and then he says loudly that he is Fortunes fool. The theme of fate not being able to be controlled and is in fact controlling them comes in again. I want for Benvolio to pull Romeo up harshly so that he staggers a little and for Benvolio to push Romeo towards the side of the stage. After Benvolio has said his line I want Romeo to rush off stage. Not long after Romeo has left the stage the citizens should enter, I think two or three would be apt enough. They should look as if theyre talking to each other as they enter. They see Benvolio and the one that entered first should ask him Which way ran he that killed Mercutio? Tybalt, that murderer, which way ran he? Benvolio should look up at them after staring in the direction that Romeo went, he should then point at the dead body of Tybalt as he says There lies that Tybalt. As Benvolio says that I think he should drop to his knees on the floor as the citizen tells him to get up in his next line. The Prince should enter first, then Lord and Lady Capulet, when lady Capulet sees Tybalt lying dead on the ground I think she should utter a small shriek and then cover her mouth with her hand, Lord Capulet should hold onto her after that outburst. Following them will be Lord and Lady Mountague and then both houses servants, who I want to be trying to get as far away from as possible. I want for the Capulets to move to the left of the stage, whilst the Mountagues move to the right and the Prince is facing forward towards the audience. Everything should go quiet in respect for the Prince and the Princes voice should sound regal and loud in the quietness of everything when he asks Where are the vile beginners of this fray? Benvolio meanwhile is still on his knees, he looks up at the Prince when the prince asks this and answers in a quiet, subdued voice. I want Lady Capulet to have been struggling in her husbands arms whilst Benvolio is saying his part, then she breaks free and moves closer to the Prince. I want her to sound rather hysterical. Tybalt, my cousin O Prince! O husband! For blood of ours shed blood of Mountague When she pleads to the Prince I want her to face the Prince, then when she cries O husband! I want her to turn to her husband, then for the last bit I want her to look at the Mountagues with complete and utter distaste. I think the Prince should let her say her piece, then merely look at her. I then want him to turn once again to Benvolio as he asks him what happened. Benvolio should answer in an emotionless tone once again to show that he is not siding with Romeo. After her first outburst, Lady Capulet was restrained by her husband once more, after Benvolio tells an accurate account of the fight I want for her to break free again and move a few steps closer to Benvolio. I want her to point her finger at him as she blames him for being biased. He is a kinsman to the Mountague: Affection makes him false; he speaks not true. Romeo slew Tybalt; Romeo must not live. Her voice should sound unnaturally high as she hisses it out at Benvolio. However, as the audience know that she is not right it does not matter too much what she says, but the Prince can tell from her disturbed manner that she is not truthful. When he says his next lines I want the Prince to stare at Lady Capulet as if to silence her. After the Prince asks what should be done, whos blood should be given in order to set right matters I want for Lord Mountague to step forward when he says his lines, I want him to deliver them like you would to a good friend who need a little bit of convincing. Not Romeo, Prince; he was Mercutios friend; His fault concludes but what the law should end The life of Tybalt. When he says the life of Tybalt I think Lord Mountague should point at Tybalts body. As the Prince gives out Romeos punishment I think that he should speak slowly, calmly and loudly, I want him to look from one family to another throughout the speech. I want for Lady Mountague to be weeping when she hears what is in store for Romeo, banishment and I want her to fall to the ground and to touch the Princes feet. When she does this I want the Prince to move his feet away and look at her with disdain, then say this part of his speech I will be deaf to pleading and excuses; Nor will tears nor prayers shall purchase out abuses. Once he has finished his speech I want the Prince, followed by the citizens to leave the stage in the direction from which he came, I want the Capulets to follow him, then Lord Mountague and Benvolio should pick up the still weeping Lady Mountague and lead her out followed by their servants. Once they have all left the stage I want the lights to dim slowly until its totally dark as this is where the interval will be. This way no one will see Tybalts body being moved and for what has happened so far in the play to be taken in by the audience.

Paper Cant Show It Essays - Guggenheim Fellows, British Poetry

Paper Cant Show It Poems are there to show The way poets feel inside Poems are nothing but truth Yet, poets write a different one each time There is no certain way That some words on paper can show How much you really mean to me The way I would hurt if you go I can write poems I'm a simple poet But, instead of writting, I love you I'll will do my best to show it Even though poems are sweet Even though they're true If you really love someone It's best to say I love you For, as people know Your lover can read it But telling her yourself Will show her that you mean it If you really love someone Don't struggle to be a poet Show your love by being true 'Cause paper cannot show it Poetry

Technology in the Workplace essays

Technology in the Workplace essays There are several different ways companys use technology to save time, money and overall simply make thing run more smoothly. The first of these technological advances include automating administrative functions. This includes computerizing employee work hours and the management of expense forms. This reduces time needed to collect, process and distribute information. This also reduces the margin of error due to manual input. Second, companies are using computer networks for company wide information sharing. This allows company wide news and information to be distributed faster and more affordably than printed announcements or company meetings. This technology also gives the businesses the ability to respond quickly to market changes. Electronic archives of data also can be created, reducing the need to file and store some documents. Third, businesses and management can use technology to share information sources. This gives managers the ability to access and Internet based schedules that who give him the ability to pick a meeting time that would work for the entire working team. In the past, this employee would have needed to consult each person individually about schedules and inform everyone when a suitable meeting tie had been identified. Companies also use technology to communicate instantly and affordably. Computers allow workers to communicate with each other in real time via the Internet, regardless of their location without large expense. In the past, coordinating resources in multiple offices required administrative team, long-distance phone calls, and teleconferences. Lastly, out of area workers can gather online in Internet-based conference rooms to edit documents or share presentations. For example, there are private Web sites that allow employees to work together on the same set of documents in a secure Web room. They can also set up document libraries and discussion boards. This proc...

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Customers' and firms' views of using drones in business - Essay Example A drone resembles and acts like an airplane. Lack of a pilot flying the drone is the major difference between a drone and an airplane. A person in a certain station controls a drone. The individuals are responsible for monitoring areas covered by the drone. In addition, the individual controls the movement of the drone. Drones are common among the military and army squads as they use them to survey enemies’ movement. They also act as bombs for attacking enemies. Development of drone abilities attracted executives who used for surveying areas that was not within the businessperson reach. Therefore, the drone has been of great service as it save time. Businessperson, use the drone for purposes such as delivery, providing internet services, news, photography, agriculture, population and monitoring public service.1 Apparently, the firms using drone and consumer have different views considering the use of drones in business activities. Some view them as advantageous while some view them as a disturber. Nevertheless, it depends on the service the drone offers to the individual. This paper attempts to views and explains the difference and similarities between the customers and the firm’s view on the usage of drones in business activity. The paper also adds the differences that firms and customers have while viewing the usage of drones in the business. It adds that the difference in people view is the main reason for the difference in how people view drones. Despite the many benefits of using drones in business, some firms and customers complain of the services produced. Some firms view the usage if drone in business and efficient. They lay their view upon the fast services produced when using the drone especially when delivering products. It is clear that most firms have experienced a challenge when delivering products and services to consumers in time when delivering products locally. The main problems that firms experience is a

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Cyber Security Vulnerabilities - Essay Example As per Gartner, 70% of security incident occur internally i.e. from the organization premises (Dickerson, 2004). Likewise, in September 2004, HFC bank that is one of the largest banks in the UK sent an email to their 2600 customers mentioning that an internal operational error has made recipients email address visible to everyone within the email. Consequently, ‘out of office’ feature was triggered from some of the customers and their personal phone numbers and other details were shared with each other (Dickerson, 2004). This shows that even simplest of mistakes can lead to an even bigger problem. As information systems are now considered as the fundamental function, every organization acquires information systems for business automation, better customer service and ROI (return on investment). Moreover, electronic commerce has also introduced many businesses that are only virtually present. For instance, Amazon that is an online store for selling books generates revenue from the Internet. Customers pay via credit cards for the purchased books that are delivered to them. In this scenario, any sort of security breach may inject an SQL injection or cross site scripting attack on the website can affect the business as well as customer confidence. ... It is the responsibility of the organization to protect and secure data privacy. However, there is not a single law that states how to handle customer information. For this reason, organizations sell or trade customer information with business partners and even to third parties. Likewise, sometimes the sole purpose of this personal data exchange is funds. Although, every online organization has a privacy policy which states how they will handle and secure customer data but at the same time there is no verification criteria. In the following sections, we will critically evaluate a single most cyber security weakness for IT managers within an organization. Likewise, our main argument will cover different domains i.e. the local area network, applications, hardware, transmission media, enterprise networking, intranet, extranet etc. As per (Libicki, 2009): â€Å"In theory, all computer mischief is ultimately the fault of the system’s owner if not because of misuse or misconfigurat ion, then because of using a system with security bugs in the first place. In practice, all computer systems are susceptible to errors. The divergence between design and code is a consequence of the complexity of software systems and the potential for human error. The more complex the system and they do get continually more complex the more places there are in which errors can hide† Association and Weakness The above mentioned argument is indicating to a vulnerability resides within the system that can be utilized for hackers to gain access and is known as exploit. Apart from this inherent risk resulting from inadequate coding practices, human element is also considered as a serious threat that is not limited to hardware,

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Analysis of Hospitality Industry in Mauritius

Analysis of Hospitality Industry in Mauritius 2.1 Definitions of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) CSR has been defined as the duty of the organization to respect individuals rights and promote human welfare in its operations (Manakkalathil and Rudolf, 1995; Oppewal et al., 2006). Businesses not only have the economic responsibility of being profitable and the legal responsibility to follow the laws or ground rules that guide their ability to achieve their economic requirements, but they also have ethical responsibilities that include a range of societal norms, or standards (Carroll, 2000). CSR has been around for more than two decades. During the later half of twentieth century there arose the idea of the corporate social contract, which today underlies the CSR concept. Given the sometimes adverse effects of business decision making on society as well as corporate reliance on society, the notion of an implied corporate social contract was conceived by social and economic theorists. This contract spells out societys expectations of business as well as (although much less discussed) businesss expectations of society (Bowie, 1983). There is no single authoritative definition of CSR (ISO COPOLCO, 2002). The CSR agenda seems to be a loosely defined umbrella embracing a vast number of concepts traditionally framed as environmental concerns, public relations, corporate philanthropy, human resource management and community relations. One of the most referred definitions is by World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) (1999) that defines CSR as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at largeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. CSR means being a good steward of societys economic and human resources ( Journal of Consumer Marketing, 2001). In summary, CSR entails the obligation stemming from the implicit à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“social contractà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? between business and society for firms to be responsive to societys long-run needs and want s, optimizing the positive effects and minimizing the negative effects of its actions on society. To synchronize that organizational social responsibility concerns are treated in the same routine manner in which legal, financial, and marketing concerns are addressed, four theories of corporate social responsibility have been advanced in the literature. The four positions are the classical, stakeholder, social demandingness, and social activist theories. The classical theory is the oldest of the four, and is grounded in classical economic theory. Firstly business executives are said to be primarily responsible to the shareholders of the corporation and their primary goal is to promote efficiency and secure effective economic performance. Secondly managers are said to be responsible to respond to the shareholders demands. These views are often thought to coincide with each other, because it is usually assumed that the main demand of shareholders is to maximize economic performance. In addition, both versions agree that managers are to perform their corporate function according to the laws and, thus, to avoid such things as fraud and deception. Friedman (1970), points out à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Here the businessman self-selected or appointed directly or indirectly by stockholders is to be simultaneously legislator, executive, or juristà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦He becomes in effect a public employee, a civil servant, even though he remains in name an e mployee of a private enterprise.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? This theory, albeit the oldest of the four theories, is still well and alive; it has many supporters and proponents among academicians and practitioners. The second theory is the stakeholder theory which integrates the main idea of classical theory, that is, corporate executives are responsible to stockholders. Nevertheless, what differs it from classical theory is that other groups are directly affected by the conduct and decision of the firm. These groups can employees, consumers, creditors, suppliers, and legal sub-systems who have a stake in the organisation and who might affect, in one way or another, the corporate decision making process. Furthermore, corporate executives have a direct responsibility to promote the interests of these groups. The main disagreement among stakeholder theorists, however, over whether stakeholder interests of these groups take precedence over the financial interests of stockholders or the stakeholder interests are the overriding ones. Social demandingness theorists argue that corporations have a responsibility to protect and promote certain interests of the general public. They agree with the stakeholder theorists that the interests of stakeholder groups are important, but they believe that these interests do not override non-stakeholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ interests or demands for such things as safety, health, freedom, and prosperity. As with the stakeholder theory, this theory repudiates the notion that there is some balanced or sensible list of tangible responsibilities that corporate executives always have toward society. The list varies as the nature and ranking of the interests or demands of the public change. The fourth and final theory is the social activist theory which is distinctively the most socially and morally demanding of the four theories. While agreeing with the stakeholders and social demandingness theories that executives have responsibilities toward stakeholders groups and the general public, social activistsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ theorists argue that corporate managers should sometimes strive to undertake projects that advance the interests of the public even when these undertakings are neither expected nor demanded by them. Social activists theorists contend that such projects should, for the most part, be in the area of corporate know-how, but they sometimes urge that executives deliberately take on social projects for which they have no special training or expertise 2.1 Types of CSR and Corporate Governance The notion that business has duties to society is firmly entrenched, although in the past several decades there has been a revolution in the way people view the relationship between business and society. Carroll (1979) and other researchers believe that we should judge corporations not just on their economic success, but also on non-economic criteria. Carroll (1979) proposed a popular four-part definition of CSR, suggesting that corporations have four responsibilities or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“four facesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Carroll, 2000b, p. 187) to fulfill to be good corporate citizens: economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic: Economic responsibility. Economic responsibility is to be profitable for principals, by delivering a good quality product, at a fair price, is due to customers. Legal responsibilities. Legal duties entail complying with the law and playing by the rules of the game Ethical responsibilities. Ethical duties overcome the limitations of legal duties. They entail being moral, doing what is right, just, and fair; respecting peoples moral rights; and avoiding harm or social injury as well as preventing harm caused by others (Smith and Quelch, 1993). Philanthropic responsibility. Interest in doing good for society, regardless of its impact on the bottom line is what is called altruistic, humanitarian or philanthropic CSR. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“giving backà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? time and money in the forms of voluntary service, voluntary association and voluntary giving à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" is where most of the controversy over the legitimacy of CSR lies. CORPORATE GOUVERNANCE (CG) Moreover, CSR is closely linked with the Corporate Governance of the organization, be it hotel organization. Any of those types of CSR should start in the hotel organizations first and then move to external environment. The key people should be taken into consideration so the CSR practices should be geared towards the internal customers who will in turn become CSR delegates to reach the external customers and environment. Companies must improve their business models by bringing CSR and sustainability into their strategy. Shleifer and Vishny (1997) define CG as the ways in which suppliers of finance to organisations assure themselves of getting a return on investment. Over the years, CG has evolved from the traditional à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“profit-centered modelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. By incorporating the community in which firms operate, the political environment, laws and regulations, and more generally the markets in which firms are involved. See Figure 1: The Business in Society which reflects a stakeholder perspective on the firm (Jensen, 2001) 2.1The Hospitality Industry à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"Definitions Definitions of the hospitality have been approached from a number of different perspectives. Most of them combine physiological and psychological elements with security and levels of service. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Hospitality is concerned with the provision of physiological and psychological comfort with defined levels of service. The satisfactions may be physiological (thirst, bed, warmth), economic (value for money), social (company, service) and psychological (self-esteem, status, security).à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Source: C.Cooper, R.Shepherd, J. Westlake (1994) Even if the approach to defining hospitality may shift according to the authors, there are a number of integral elements that are common to all. These are: Hospitality is a complex combination of tangible and intangible features and benefits Hospitality involves a satisfying interaction between the service provider and the customer Hospitality provides guests with security, psychological and physiological comfort by offering food, beverage and accommodation. Therefore, bearing in mind the above characteristics, a simpler definition of the hospitality industry may be: The Hospitality Industry is involved with providing accommodations, food, beverage, entertainment, comfort and recreation for travelers away from their usual residences and normal surroundings. The industry also naturally look forward to meet the customer`s needs for safety and support of their persons, property, modes of transportation, and even the varying purpose of their travel. Speaking generally, those who make use of hospitality services demand attainment of a professional level of quality consistent with world standards, although perhaps adjusted for local conditions. They anticipate the facilities will be clean, comfortable, safe and secure. They expect good food and beverage at a reasonable rate. Furthermore, they look for courtesy, friendliness, respect and identification from the host. Perhaps more importantly they demand honesty, truth and equity in their dealings with the operator and his employees. Hospitality Industry In Mauritius HISTORICAL BACKGROUND In Mauritius, the first hotel was the Park Hotel in 1952 so as to accommodate the crew members coming at that time. Then came the Mauritius Hotel, the first beach hotel, built in 1954 at Le Morne followed by Le Chaland, another beach hotel in 1961. But the real development of tourism took place soon after Mauritius got its independence from the British. In early 1970`s the creation of Trou aux Biches Hotel by the Mauritius Hotels, the setting up of the Club MeditÃÆ' ©ranÃÆ' ©e and the Saint GÃÆ' ©ran Hotel by the Southern Sun Hotels as well as the Merville Beach Hotel by the ex-British Colons who wanted to come back here during the winter months of England. The Mauritius Hotel is now the Beachcomber group and the Southern Sun Hotels is the Sun International Resorts Limited. At present there are 95 hotels in Mauritius and there are not less than 5 more under construction as per the registered list set by the Ministry of Tourism. The numbers of hotels, rooms and bed places have increased constantly from 1991. Moreover the Prime Minister has announced his vision to reach 2 million tourists in 2015. Consequently an average annual growth of 10% in tourist arrival is expected. In order to reach this target, an approximate nu mber of 18500 rooms should be made available. This will bring about the creation of around 37000 direct jobs and double the amount in terms of indirect jobs. Due to the rapid growth of tourism and hospitality industry, government has introduced incentives for the private sector to bring in a sustainable development, namely by corporate governance and corporate social responsibility. This is achievable through proper public-private sector partnership. Overview of the Hotel industry IN MAURITIUS The hospitality industry in Mauritius has developed rapidly during the past 25 years. The coastal regions as well as the interior part of the island are constantly changing with the construction of the hotels and the increasing number of vehicles being used for the tourism industry. In 2007, the tourism industry was considered the third pillar of the economy after Sugar and Textile, and currently it plays a vital role in the economic growth of the country. The undoubted fall of 35% in the price of sugar and the removal of preference agreement with the EU market, has earmarked the tourism industry as the main industry capable of boosting the Mauritian economy. In July 2008, according to the last bulletin published by the Central Statistical Office (CSO), Mauritius welcomed 81,169 tourists as compared to 77,225 in 2007, registering a 5.1% growth over the same period a year ago. Table 1: Monthly tourist arrivals, July 2007 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" July 2008 Source:Tourism sector performance for the month of July, AHRIM Report, August 2008, pg 2 But after two decades of impressive growth, the need for responsible corporate governance has been felt in the country as the attitudes; mentality and knowledge of those working in that industry have not evolved at the same pace in terms of social responsibility and environmental awareness. Impacts of this rapid and somehow unplanned development are being experienced in the environment at large. Still, a lot has to be done to meet the competitive edge through proper campaign and involvement of all stakeholders so as to contribute towards sustainable development of the hospitality sector. In order to support its continuous growth, the Mauritian Tourism and Hospitality industry needs well-trained staff with full knowledge of their product while respecting the socio-economic and cultural environment in which the Mauritian tourism product is evolving. It is really important to maintain a high standard of efficiency and service so as to meet the requirements of an increasingly competitive and sophisticated global market. 2.7 CSR in the hotel industry In Mauritius Within the hospitality industry it has been agreed that there are increasing environmental and societal concerns. The big question is how to manage our environmental impact as demand grows against a backdrop of increasing vulnerability. As a result of demand for more sustainable destinations and travel preferences, management policies are being felt. Hotels practicing CSR look at the following areas: Workplace (where employees are treated equally and fairly) Marketplace (stakeholders) Environment (which has to be sustained for the future generation) Community Ethics Human rights Many hotels are now aware of CSR practices and have begun to use environmental-friendly products. Hotels in Mauritius are reducing the use of hazardous or non-degradable chemicals. Big hotel chains like Oberoi Mauritius recycle oil, water and plastic bottles while all hotels with more than 50 rooms are compel to recycle water as per the legislation. Hotels tend to purchase products that have a reduced environmental impact during their life cycle, from suppliers that demonstrate environmental and social responsibility to their customers and the society. Furthermore, Association des Hoteliers et Restaurateurs de L`Ile Maurice (AHRIM), is fully supporting the CSR initiatives initiated by the Mauritian Government. Through its members, they are actively putting forward the CSR activities on a regional basis all over the island. (See Appendix 1: Recommended CSR activities by AHRIM to its Members in June 2008). Stakeholders (employees, customers, shareholders, suppliers, business partners, government) are getting more and more involved the hotelsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ CSR activities. Hotel employees are educated to make a conscious decision in favour of environment and social issues in their private and business lives. Hotel guests are informed about CSR activities and are asked to participate in responsible business activities within the hotels and to work together to find innovative solutions that satisfy the hotelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economic, environmental and social objectives. Managers are asked to abide by local and EU legislation especially on labour laws, health and safety, human rights and the environment. A great deal can be done when developing a hotel property in order to make both the development process and the eventual operation more environmentally sustainable. One of the aims of CSR is to make the community benefit from the hotel industry. 2.8 Benefits of CSR in the hotel industry Hotels who adopt CSR into their operations and public image depend on the following factors: Size Level of diversification Research and Development Advertising Government Intervention Consumer Income Labour market conditions Stage of the industry life cycle However this differs for different hotel organization, for example, larger hotels like international hotel chains may operate a CSR program at a lower cost than a small hotel because of economies of scale. It is a method for organization to distinguish themselves from their competitors Firstly, hotels benefit from CSR as it helps to reduce operating cost such as implementing of recycling and energy saving programs. Secondly, their brand image and reputation are enhanced as consumers prefer companies with CSR programs. Another benefit derived by hotels is in terms of productivity and quality since productivity goes up whenever working conditions improve. Other beneficiaries of the CSR programs are immediate environment in which the company is evolving. It comprises of the local community, neighboring villages, employees who usually live in those areas, the hotel guests and the host country at large. Hotels are expected to have ethical and social commitments, valued connections with partners and consistency over time to build trust with the stakeholders. In doing so, the hotel organizations are also developing societal marketing concept, therefore beneficiate from it. Analysis of Hospitality Industry in Mauritius Analysis of Hospitality Industry in Mauritius 2.1 Definitions of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) CSR has been defined as the duty of the organization to respect individuals rights and promote human welfare in its operations (Manakkalathil and Rudolf, 1995; Oppewal et al., 2006). Businesses not only have the economic responsibility of being profitable and the legal responsibility to follow the laws or ground rules that guide their ability to achieve their economic requirements, but they also have ethical responsibilities that include a range of societal norms, or standards (Carroll, 2000). CSR has been around for more than two decades. During the later half of twentieth century there arose the idea of the corporate social contract, which today underlies the CSR concept. Given the sometimes adverse effects of business decision making on society as well as corporate reliance on society, the notion of an implied corporate social contract was conceived by social and economic theorists. This contract spells out societys expectations of business as well as (although much less discussed) businesss expectations of society (Bowie, 1983). There is no single authoritative definition of CSR (ISO COPOLCO, 2002). The CSR agenda seems to be a loosely defined umbrella embracing a vast number of concepts traditionally framed as environmental concerns, public relations, corporate philanthropy, human resource management and community relations. One of the most referred definitions is by World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) (1999) that defines CSR as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at largeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. CSR means being a good steward of societys economic and human resources ( Journal of Consumer Marketing, 2001). In summary, CSR entails the obligation stemming from the implicit à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“social contractà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? between business and society for firms to be responsive to societys long-run needs and want s, optimizing the positive effects and minimizing the negative effects of its actions on society. To synchronize that organizational social responsibility concerns are treated in the same routine manner in which legal, financial, and marketing concerns are addressed, four theories of corporate social responsibility have been advanced in the literature. The four positions are the classical, stakeholder, social demandingness, and social activist theories. The classical theory is the oldest of the four, and is grounded in classical economic theory. Firstly business executives are said to be primarily responsible to the shareholders of the corporation and their primary goal is to promote efficiency and secure effective economic performance. Secondly managers are said to be responsible to respond to the shareholders demands. These views are often thought to coincide with each other, because it is usually assumed that the main demand of shareholders is to maximize economic performance. In addition, both versions agree that managers are to perform their corporate function according to the laws and, thus, to avoid such things as fraud and deception. Friedman (1970), points out à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Here the businessman self-selected or appointed directly or indirectly by stockholders is to be simultaneously legislator, executive, or juristà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦He becomes in effect a public employee, a civil servant, even though he remains in name an e mployee of a private enterprise.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? This theory, albeit the oldest of the four theories, is still well and alive; it has many supporters and proponents among academicians and practitioners. The second theory is the stakeholder theory which integrates the main idea of classical theory, that is, corporate executives are responsible to stockholders. Nevertheless, what differs it from classical theory is that other groups are directly affected by the conduct and decision of the firm. These groups can employees, consumers, creditors, suppliers, and legal sub-systems who have a stake in the organisation and who might affect, in one way or another, the corporate decision making process. Furthermore, corporate executives have a direct responsibility to promote the interests of these groups. The main disagreement among stakeholder theorists, however, over whether stakeholder interests of these groups take precedence over the financial interests of stockholders or the stakeholder interests are the overriding ones. Social demandingness theorists argue that corporations have a responsibility to protect and promote certain interests of the general public. They agree with the stakeholder theorists that the interests of stakeholder groups are important, but they believe that these interests do not override non-stakeholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ interests or demands for such things as safety, health, freedom, and prosperity. As with the stakeholder theory, this theory repudiates the notion that there is some balanced or sensible list of tangible responsibilities that corporate executives always have toward society. The list varies as the nature and ranking of the interests or demands of the public change. The fourth and final theory is the social activist theory which is distinctively the most socially and morally demanding of the four theories. While agreeing with the stakeholders and social demandingness theories that executives have responsibilities toward stakeholders groups and the general public, social activistsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ theorists argue that corporate managers should sometimes strive to undertake projects that advance the interests of the public even when these undertakings are neither expected nor demanded by them. Social activists theorists contend that such projects should, for the most part, be in the area of corporate know-how, but they sometimes urge that executives deliberately take on social projects for which they have no special training or expertise 2.1 Types of CSR and Corporate Governance The notion that business has duties to society is firmly entrenched, although in the past several decades there has been a revolution in the way people view the relationship between business and society. Carroll (1979) and other researchers believe that we should judge corporations not just on their economic success, but also on non-economic criteria. Carroll (1979) proposed a popular four-part definition of CSR, suggesting that corporations have four responsibilities or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“four facesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Carroll, 2000b, p. 187) to fulfill to be good corporate citizens: economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic: Economic responsibility. Economic responsibility is to be profitable for principals, by delivering a good quality product, at a fair price, is due to customers. Legal responsibilities. Legal duties entail complying with the law and playing by the rules of the game Ethical responsibilities. Ethical duties overcome the limitations of legal duties. They entail being moral, doing what is right, just, and fair; respecting peoples moral rights; and avoiding harm or social injury as well as preventing harm caused by others (Smith and Quelch, 1993). Philanthropic responsibility. Interest in doing good for society, regardless of its impact on the bottom line is what is called altruistic, humanitarian or philanthropic CSR. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“giving backà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? time and money in the forms of voluntary service, voluntary association and voluntary giving à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" is where most of the controversy over the legitimacy of CSR lies. CORPORATE GOUVERNANCE (CG) Moreover, CSR is closely linked with the Corporate Governance of the organization, be it hotel organization. Any of those types of CSR should start in the hotel organizations first and then move to external environment. The key people should be taken into consideration so the CSR practices should be geared towards the internal customers who will in turn become CSR delegates to reach the external customers and environment. Companies must improve their business models by bringing CSR and sustainability into their strategy. Shleifer and Vishny (1997) define CG as the ways in which suppliers of finance to organisations assure themselves of getting a return on investment. Over the years, CG has evolved from the traditional à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“profit-centered modelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. By incorporating the community in which firms operate, the political environment, laws and regulations, and more generally the markets in which firms are involved. See Figure 1: The Business in Society which reflects a stakeholder perspective on the firm (Jensen, 2001) 2.1The Hospitality Industry à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"Definitions Definitions of the hospitality have been approached from a number of different perspectives. Most of them combine physiological and psychological elements with security and levels of service. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Hospitality is concerned with the provision of physiological and psychological comfort with defined levels of service. The satisfactions may be physiological (thirst, bed, warmth), economic (value for money), social (company, service) and psychological (self-esteem, status, security).à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Source: C.Cooper, R.Shepherd, J. Westlake (1994) Even if the approach to defining hospitality may shift according to the authors, there are a number of integral elements that are common to all. These are: Hospitality is a complex combination of tangible and intangible features and benefits Hospitality involves a satisfying interaction between the service provider and the customer Hospitality provides guests with security, psychological and physiological comfort by offering food, beverage and accommodation. Therefore, bearing in mind the above characteristics, a simpler definition of the hospitality industry may be: The Hospitality Industry is involved with providing accommodations, food, beverage, entertainment, comfort and recreation for travelers away from their usual residences and normal surroundings. The industry also naturally look forward to meet the customer`s needs for safety and support of their persons, property, modes of transportation, and even the varying purpose of their travel. Speaking generally, those who make use of hospitality services demand attainment of a professional level of quality consistent with world standards, although perhaps adjusted for local conditions. They anticipate the facilities will be clean, comfortable, safe and secure. They expect good food and beverage at a reasonable rate. Furthermore, they look for courtesy, friendliness, respect and identification from the host. Perhaps more importantly they demand honesty, truth and equity in their dealings with the operator and his employees. Hospitality Industry In Mauritius HISTORICAL BACKGROUND In Mauritius, the first hotel was the Park Hotel in 1952 so as to accommodate the crew members coming at that time. Then came the Mauritius Hotel, the first beach hotel, built in 1954 at Le Morne followed by Le Chaland, another beach hotel in 1961. But the real development of tourism took place soon after Mauritius got its independence from the British. In early 1970`s the creation of Trou aux Biches Hotel by the Mauritius Hotels, the setting up of the Club MeditÃÆ' ©ranÃÆ' ©e and the Saint GÃÆ' ©ran Hotel by the Southern Sun Hotels as well as the Merville Beach Hotel by the ex-British Colons who wanted to come back here during the winter months of England. The Mauritius Hotel is now the Beachcomber group and the Southern Sun Hotels is the Sun International Resorts Limited. At present there are 95 hotels in Mauritius and there are not less than 5 more under construction as per the registered list set by the Ministry of Tourism. The numbers of hotels, rooms and bed places have increased constantly from 1991. Moreover the Prime Minister has announced his vision to reach 2 million tourists in 2015. Consequently an average annual growth of 10% in tourist arrival is expected. In order to reach this target, an approximate nu mber of 18500 rooms should be made available. This will bring about the creation of around 37000 direct jobs and double the amount in terms of indirect jobs. Due to the rapid growth of tourism and hospitality industry, government has introduced incentives for the private sector to bring in a sustainable development, namely by corporate governance and corporate social responsibility. This is achievable through proper public-private sector partnership. Overview of the Hotel industry IN MAURITIUS The hospitality industry in Mauritius has developed rapidly during the past 25 years. The coastal regions as well as the interior part of the island are constantly changing with the construction of the hotels and the increasing number of vehicles being used for the tourism industry. In 2007, the tourism industry was considered the third pillar of the economy after Sugar and Textile, and currently it plays a vital role in the economic growth of the country. The undoubted fall of 35% in the price of sugar and the removal of preference agreement with the EU market, has earmarked the tourism industry as the main industry capable of boosting the Mauritian economy. In July 2008, according to the last bulletin published by the Central Statistical Office (CSO), Mauritius welcomed 81,169 tourists as compared to 77,225 in 2007, registering a 5.1% growth over the same period a year ago. Table 1: Monthly tourist arrivals, July 2007 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" July 2008 Source:Tourism sector performance for the month of July, AHRIM Report, August 2008, pg 2 But after two decades of impressive growth, the need for responsible corporate governance has been felt in the country as the attitudes; mentality and knowledge of those working in that industry have not evolved at the same pace in terms of social responsibility and environmental awareness. Impacts of this rapid and somehow unplanned development are being experienced in the environment at large. Still, a lot has to be done to meet the competitive edge through proper campaign and involvement of all stakeholders so as to contribute towards sustainable development of the hospitality sector. In order to support its continuous growth, the Mauritian Tourism and Hospitality industry needs well-trained staff with full knowledge of their product while respecting the socio-economic and cultural environment in which the Mauritian tourism product is evolving. It is really important to maintain a high standard of efficiency and service so as to meet the requirements of an increasingly competitive and sophisticated global market. 2.7 CSR in the hotel industry In Mauritius Within the hospitality industry it has been agreed that there are increasing environmental and societal concerns. The big question is how to manage our environmental impact as demand grows against a backdrop of increasing vulnerability. As a result of demand for more sustainable destinations and travel preferences, management policies are being felt. Hotels practicing CSR look at the following areas: Workplace (where employees are treated equally and fairly) Marketplace (stakeholders) Environment (which has to be sustained for the future generation) Community Ethics Human rights Many hotels are now aware of CSR practices and have begun to use environmental-friendly products. Hotels in Mauritius are reducing the use of hazardous or non-degradable chemicals. Big hotel chains like Oberoi Mauritius recycle oil, water and plastic bottles while all hotels with more than 50 rooms are compel to recycle water as per the legislation. Hotels tend to purchase products that have a reduced environmental impact during their life cycle, from suppliers that demonstrate environmental and social responsibility to their customers and the society. Furthermore, Association des Hoteliers et Restaurateurs de L`Ile Maurice (AHRIM), is fully supporting the CSR initiatives initiated by the Mauritian Government. Through its members, they are actively putting forward the CSR activities on a regional basis all over the island. (See Appendix 1: Recommended CSR activities by AHRIM to its Members in June 2008). Stakeholders (employees, customers, shareholders, suppliers, business partners, government) are getting more and more involved the hotelsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ CSR activities. Hotel employees are educated to make a conscious decision in favour of environment and social issues in their private and business lives. Hotel guests are informed about CSR activities and are asked to participate in responsible business activities within the hotels and to work together to find innovative solutions that satisfy the hotelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economic, environmental and social objectives. Managers are asked to abide by local and EU legislation especially on labour laws, health and safety, human rights and the environment. A great deal can be done when developing a hotel property in order to make both the development process and the eventual operation more environmentally sustainable. One of the aims of CSR is to make the community benefit from the hotel industry. 2.8 Benefits of CSR in the hotel industry Hotels who adopt CSR into their operations and public image depend on the following factors: Size Level of diversification Research and Development Advertising Government Intervention Consumer Income Labour market conditions Stage of the industry life cycle However this differs for different hotel organization, for example, larger hotels like international hotel chains may operate a CSR program at a lower cost than a small hotel because of economies of scale. It is a method for organization to distinguish themselves from their competitors Firstly, hotels benefit from CSR as it helps to reduce operating cost such as implementing of recycling and energy saving programs. Secondly, their brand image and reputation are enhanced as consumers prefer companies with CSR programs. Another benefit derived by hotels is in terms of productivity and quality since productivity goes up whenever working conditions improve. Other beneficiaries of the CSR programs are immediate environment in which the company is evolving. It comprises of the local community, neighboring villages, employees who usually live in those areas, the hotel guests and the host country at large. Hotels are expected to have ethical and social commitments, valued connections with partners and consistency over time to build trust with the stakeholders. In doing so, the hotel organizations are also developing societal marketing concept, therefore beneficiate from it.

Myths about the sun and the moon :: essays research papers

Myths about the Sun and Moon The sun and the moon are powerful beings that bring life and death to all living creatures. They control when it is day or night, which season it is, and the weather. They fascinate humans and a considerable amount of mythology has been dedicated to the creation of the sun and moon and why or how they travel across the sky during the day and night. This paper will discuss and compare some of these myths and the gods attributed to their care and existence. The sun and the moon are such influential powers that the creation of them is right along with the creation of the world and humans in some of the better-known mythology. The story of creation in Christian Bible tells of God’s creation of the sun and the moon. On the fourth day â€Å"God made two great lights - the greater to rule the day and the lesser to rule the night... God set them in the dome of sky to give light upon the earth, to rule over the day and over the night, and to separate the light from the darkness.† (Genesis 1.16-18). A similar myth of the creation of the sun and the moon is found in the Qur’an, "It is Allah Who hath created the heavens and the earth and sendeth down rain from the skies... He has made subject to you, the night and the day; the sun and the moon; and the stars in subjection by His command." (Qur’an 14:32-33). These two myths are from monotheist religions in which the sun is just created out of nothing, they describe the creation but they lack explanation as to how and why the sun and the moon where put in the sky and have no detail about the orbits or movement or them. â€Å"The Creation of the Sun and the Moon† by Michelangelo is a large fresco of God creating the sun and the moon. In the foreground he has one hand pointing towards a large yellow ball, the sun, and in the background he is pointing towards a large bluish ball, the moon. He is looking forcefully at the sun in the foreground. This fresco is just one person’s take on the creation of the sun and the moon as the bible explains it. The Egyptian sun god was Re. His name meant sun and he represented strength.

John Donne’s The Funeral Essay

â€Å"As with most poets of his time, Donne was obsessed with death. Mesmerized by its mysteries, charmed by its allure, and convinced of the existence of an afterlife (as a result of Christian theology), he finds himself at times unable to settle on a particular view of the subject. While a considerable portion of Donne’s opus deals with death either directly or indirectly, some poems depict death as insignificant while others present it as something he, and therefore humans, should fear. As a Christian, Donne believed (although perhaps did not understand) the concept of an afterlife. This conviction is shown by his understanding of death as a necessary stage before reaching the glory of heaven, the promised life with God† (http://www.luminarium.org/sevenlit/oliver.htm). John Donne’s â€Å"The Funeral† is a sonnet of strong emotions. The writer is leaving behind someone he loved and who loved him greatly. â€Å"The Funeral† is a way for him to say good-bye, to end this love the best way he knows how. The poem begins with a reference to the â€Å"subtle wreath of hair which crowns my arm† (3). This small braid was apparently a tradition from the Renaissance era where a woman would give a braid of her hair to the man she loved. He requests that it should be left alone because it is what completes  him, his â€Å"outward soul† (5). He seems to have made this small symbol of her affection everything he is about. He says he is leaving it to control and to keep her from dying. How does a small circlet of hair keep her alive? He is keeping her essence, her spirit, and her memory alive by keeping a part of her with him when he crosses over to the other side. Donne mentions that â€Å"These hairs which upward grew, and strength and art/ Have from a better brain† (12-3). The hair the woman gave him is strong and beautiful, but from something better. She seems to be from a higher and better stature than he is so just the fact that he has this braid of hair from her, he feels noteworthy. I take the statement â€Å"Can better do it; except she meant that I/ By this should know my pain† (14-5) to mean that he better remember her when he is gone, unless he knows how much pain he is going to be going through when he dies. Donne continues, â€Å"As prisoners then are manacled, when they’re condemned to die† (16). His death will mean the loss of her, so the pain he will experience could mean the heartache a prisoner feels having to leave his or her previous life once sentenced to death. A prisoner’s life is over as soon as they are given their condemnation just as a person’s life is concluded when they die . The third stanza brings him back to where he started, the bracelet of hair. He doesn’t care what her intentions are or were behind the hair, all he wants to assure is that it will be with him when he is laid to rest. The man states that he is â€Å"Love’s martyr† (19) and that if some other person happens to stumble on the hair, â€Å"it might breed idolatry† (19). The fact that he has the idea that this small braid of hair could create someone to adore it supports the theory that this woman was more than just an average person was. She must have been of some importance in order for him to want to protect it so carefully. He calls the hair a relic, which is â€Å"a part of the body, clothing, or other belongings of a saint, martyr, or other deceased holy person which is carefully preserved as an object of veneration.† The use of the word relic helps support the belief of the woman’s significance. The last two lines of the sonnet are what drive home the impression that whoever this woman was, she was important. â€Å"So ’tis some bravery, / That  since you would save none of me, I bury some of you† (23-4). She didn’t keep anything that would remind her of him, and yet with some courage, he is able to bury this small token with him. Another interpretation says that â€Å"save† used to be printed as â€Å"have† which suggests a sexual relationship. This would mean that she didn’t want him in the same way he wanted her, it takes audacity for him to keep something of hers with him for the rest of time. He was very over protective of the slight braid of hair that he obtained from this female. It is as if he had a small part of a celebrity that he didn’t want anyone else to even have the opportunity to see. It is hard to draw any definite conclusions about who this woman was and what the relationship between she and he exactly boils down to. It is safe to assume however that she was at least of some relevance to him and he was consumed with even the idea of her.

Procedures to Install Eclipse and Android Emulator Essays

Procedures to Install Eclipse and Android Emulator Essays Procedures to Install Eclipse and Android Emulator Essay Procedures to Install Eclipse and Android Emulator Essay Download and install Java Development Kit (JDK) Download and unzip Eclipse IDE go to eclipse. org/downloads/. Download either Eclipse IDE for Java EE Developers or Eclipse IDE for Java Developers. Download and unzip Android SDK go to http://developer. android. com/index. html Select SDK tab, download SDK of your platform. Install ADT plug-in into Eclipse IDE 3. 4. Android Development Tools (ADT) is a plug-in for the Eclipse IDE that is designed to give you a powerful, integrated environment in which to build Android applications. ADT extends the capabilities of Eclipse to let you quickly set up new Android projects, create an application UI, add components based on the Android Framework API, debug your applications using the Android SDK tools, and even export signed (or unsigned) APKs in order to distribute your application. Developing in Eclipse with ADT is highly recommended and is the fastest way to get started. With the guided project setup it provides, as well as tools integration, custom XML editors, and debug output pane, ADT gives you an incredible boost in developing Android applications. . 1 Start Eclipse IDE. You might see Workspace Launcher/Select a workspace dialog box as shown below. For the Workspace field, either take the given directory or choose a different directory. The Workspace is the directory where Eclipse maintains its projects. Click OK. 4. 2 Add a Repository location (of the Android development tools) to the Eclipse IDE. A Repository is a where software is being maintained. For Na me field, enter Android Plugin (or whatever name of your choice). For the Location field, enter https://dl-ssl. oogle. com/android/eclipse/. Note: If you have trouble acquiring the plug-in, you can try using http in the URL, instead of https (https is preferred for security reasons). 4. 3 Download and install Android development tools (ADT plug-in) to Eclipse IDE. 5. Configure ADT plug-in with the location of Android SDK Once youve successfully downloaded ADT as described above, the next step is to modify your ADT preferences in Eclipse to point to the Android SDK directory: 5. 1 select Windows-gt;Preferences If the location of the Android SDK is not already set, browse to that location and click OK. 6. Install additional Android SDK components platform, add-ons, doc and samples 6. 1 (This is an optional step) Check the android-sdk- directory and observe that it has empty add-ons, empty platforms, and tools directories but it currently does not have docs and samples directories. Vi a Android SDK and AVD Manager, you can update your Android SDK. 6. 2 Run Android SDK and AVD Manager. 6. 3 Download and install available packages. The available packages include Documentations, Platforms, Samples, etc. You can selectively choose them. Notice that the packages list may vary from system to system. Install them all. Accept the licenses. Restart ADB. 7. Create Android Virtual Device (AVD) In this step, you are going to create a virtual device which will give options to the emulator to model an actual device. 7. 1 Select Windows-gt;Android SDK and AVD Manager. 7. 2 Click New in the Virtual Devices frame of the Android SDK and AVD Manager The options below are the minimal options to give so that the emulator works correctly. You may further refine them. Enter my_avd_2. 2 (or whatever name you want) as Name for the new device Choose Android 2. 2-update1-API Level 8 for the target. It is the system which will run on the emulator. Optionally enter a minimal size for the SD card – 128 Click on Create AVD The new virtual device has been created. 8. Configure the JRE to use in Eclipse Select Eclipse-gt;Preferences Click on Installed JRES inside Java Check JVM 1. 6. 0 Click OK

Necessity of Repres. Gov. essays

Necessity of Repres. Gov. essays Two major players in Americas revolution against Britain and the subsequent adoption of the Constitution were Thomas Paine and James Madison. Although many of their ideas do not coincide, they agree on a few important factors. According to each of their most famous writings, Common Sense and Federalist # 10 and # 51, both men agree that a strong government is necessary because it is human nature for all people not to accede on every topic, and a representative government is essential in providing security for all peoples basic rights: life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Addressing the people of the State of New York in Federalist #10, James Madison said destroying liberty is a cure worse then the disease itself. He said this in respect to his dislike, even hatred, of factions that existed in America at the time. "A zeal for different opinions concerning religion, concerning government, and many other points, as well of speculation as of practice; an attachment to different leaders ambitiously contending for pre-eminence and power; or to persons of other descriptions whose fortunes have been interesting to the human passions, have, in turn, divided mankind into parties, inflamed them with mutual animosity, and rendered them much more disposed to vex ad oppress each other than to co-operate for their common good." His only resolution for removing factions was to give all people the same passions, opinions, and interests or to destroy liberty. Both of these options are impossible, so he conceded the fact that factions do and will always exist. Madis ons resolution for this problem was a representative democracy because it would allow a large group of citizens to vote for their representatives, hindering any chances of stronger or more affluent factions controlling the government. Society in every state is a blessing, but government even in its best state is but a necessary evil; in its wo...

Mc Donalds and Coca Cola Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mc Donalds and Coca Cola - Essay Example As the discussion stresses the innovative and appealing advertisements of Coca Cola have created a great demand for the product in the current market. They are using the social media like Facebook, Twitter and YouTube which form effective means of marketing mix in the modern world where most of the population are technology savvy. This has enabled makes the company to capture the minds of young generations and impress upon them a definitive brand image. The most effective means of traditional media behind the success of the brand Coca cola has been was television.   Newspapers and websites also attract consumers. Thus, the brand image has remained very consistent for this company.This paper stresses that McDonalds is the largest chain of fast food restaurant in the world. The customers recognize its logo instantly as it appears in the media. They also use social media like Facebook, Twitter, My Space and in addition to traditional media like TV, newspapers as well as magazines. In their case also, a marketing mix using both the forms of media, has helped them create and retain an everlasting brand image.  Both media are effective communication tool with the consumers. Both companies use these media to generate the demand for their product.  This has increased the brand image name of both companies. It has become a significant factor in the business.  Coca cola is a soft drink company and McDonalds maintains the top spot in the fast food industry.

Analysis of Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals by Kant Emmanuel Research Paper

Analysis of Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals by Kant Emmanuel and James W Ellington - Research Paper Example Time was of the essence as the woman’s condition continued to deteriorate despite the application of certain remedial measures. According to standard practice, the doctors required the assent of the next of kin in order to perform the dangerous experiment. After several futile attempts to contact the family members, the doctors decided to proceed with the abortion with the intention of rescuing the life of the mother. The operation went on successfully as the fetus was aborted. However, both the woman and her family members expressed their disappointment in the loss of the child and vowed to sue the doctors and the hospitals for what they deemed as professional negligence. Attempts by the hospital administration to explain the difficult situation in which the doctors found themselves failed to calm down the irate family members. According to their culture, abortion is a taboo and should not be performed under all circumstances. The family members implied that they would have p referred the woman to die in her own efforts to give birth rather than performing an abortion. The issue elicited sharp responses on both sides of the abortion debate. Much of the arguments were focused on the moral question of rescuing a mother in danger and the necessity of performing an abortion that led to the death of the child.  In the Grounding of Metaphysics of Morals, Emmanuel Kant expounds on his philosophical perspective on the principles of morality by providing specific frameworks about the nature of morality. Kant makes a significant effort in replacing the cultural assessment of moral principles by his alternative perspective that is grounded in logic (Kant and James 40). He seeks to provide critical tools for use in certifying certain actions as moral by basing them measuring them against consequences and motives. According to his position, actions can only be described as moral if indeed some specific moral laws motivated them.  

Explain the myth of the Golden Carp and explore its significance in Essay

Explain the myth of the Golden Carp and explore its significance in Antonio' spiritual coming of age in Anaya's Bless Me, Ultima - Essay Example Antonio feels difficulty to lead a life in between the conflicts of his father’s and mother families, namely, the Marez and the Juans. These conflicts, along with his mother persuasion to make him a Catholic priest and his father’s wish to join him with the Marez, wild and untamed vaqueros, also poses several questions in Antonio’s mind and seeks answers to all these questions with the help of Ultima, the Curandera—the traditional folk healer. An overview of the novel clearly brings out the role of myth which predominates from the beginning to the end. The purpose of the study is to unveil the significance of the myth of golden carp on Antonio and explore its significance in Antonios spiritual coming of age. Among the different myths used in the novel, one can see that the myth of the golden carp plays a decisive role in determining or guiding the story. â€Å"The myth of the golden carp is certainly the most significant myth used in the novel, particularly because it helps to elucidate Antonio’s increasing anxiety and eventual acceptance of the differing religious beliefs that he encounters† (Bless Me, Ultima Study Guide). The role of the minor myths on the novel also is not negligible as they help the readers to have glimpse of Mexican –American culture. When tracing the origin of the myths, it leads us to Aztec Mythology of Mexican-American culture which supported polytheism. Antonio had to meet many different kinds of myth all through the novel and each had a dominant influence in his character formation. The myth of the golden carp brings new perspectives to Antonio when he identifies it as different from Catholicism. The myth of golden carp was takes substance from the Aztec legend according to which, â€Å"there were four ages of the world or â€Å"suns† before the present world, each of which was destroyed by an individual