Diabetes And Periodontal Disease

INTRODUCTIONDiabetes and periodontic infirmity ar both highly prevalent in the general population. A complaint of the metabolism, diabetes has far arrival mental pictures in the body. It affects the bodys capacity to fight transmittals and regenerate. periodontic disease, though limited to the viva cavity, push aside influence carcassic health. The effect of diabetes on periodontal disease has been studied extensively in the past. Now, with the sexual climax of periodontal medicine, the effects of periodontal disease on development and meet of diabetes are under scrutiny. We shall be seeing the cyclic relationship of these ii diseases, and how control of one can lead to improved control of the other.DIABETESDiabetes mellitus is a systemic disease with several major complications affecting both the spirit and length of life. It is an endocrine dis line of battle characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. Diminished insulin production, afflicted action of insulin or both, lead to decreased transport of glucose to the tissues. This leads to an elevated stock sugar level. in that respect are two types of diabetes, depending on the causeType 1 (insulin restricted diabetes mellitus) It is caused due to autoimmune destruction of the cells of the pancreatic Islets of Langerhans.Type 2 (non insulin dependant diabetes mellitus)It is caused by resistance of peripheral receptors to the action of insulin.Both types of diabetes are associated with many desire term complications. These overwhelm nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications. periodontal disease is now considered to be the sixth complication of diabetes.It is also associated with poor wound healing and might to infections.PERIODONTAL DISEASEPeriodontal disease can be defined as An inflammatory disease of the supporting tissues of the teeth caused by proper(postnominal) microorganisms or groups of specific microorganisms, in a susceptible host, r esulting in progressive destruction of the periodontal ligament and dental bone with pocket composition, recession or both. periodontal disease is an ongoing unconscious lick characterized by phases of destruction and quiescence. The destruction is influenced by many systemic factors standardized dietary deficiencies, hormonal balance and host defense. Condition like vitamin c deficiency, pregnancy, immune deficiency and diabetes affect periodontal disease.DIABETES AS AN AGGRAVATING work out OF PERIODONTAL DISEASEThe oral manifestations of diabetes include mucositis, burning mouth, candidiasis, abscesses, gingival polyps and periodontal disease. Diabetes, when a complication of Periodontitis, acts as a modifying and aggravating factor in the tartness of periodontal infection. Diabetics with periodontitis demonstrate more attachment loss, bone loss, and deeper probe pocket depths than non-diabetic individuals. The earlier the onset of diabetes, and the poorer the control, mo re is the susceptibility to periodontal disease. Also, when a diabetic individual contracts periodontal disease, it is of a greater severity than in non-diabetic individuals.Change in the MicrofloraDiabetic individuals show elevated levels of glucose in the blood. This leads to elevated glucose levels in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). This reassigns the environment of the periodontal microflora. thither is a qualitative change of micro-organisms between non-diabetic and diabetic individuals. Studies save shown an increase in the number of Capnocytophaga and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcometans subgingivally in diabetic individuals.Microvascular AngiopathyDiabetes leads to microvascular angiopathy, causing a compromised delivery of blood and nutrients to the periodontal tissues. There is a decrease in the removal of toxic metabolites from the tissues. There is a constant release of toxins from the plaque. so microangiopathy can cause tissue destruction.Collagen employee h uman actionoverCollagen metabolism is defective in diabetics. Hyperglycemia is associated with an increase in proteolytic enzyme and collagenase activity. There is an increase in Accumulated Glycation End-products (AGEs). These AGEs cause cross-linkage of collagen fibers. These fibers, then, are not repaired or replaced. This causes decreased wound healing.Immune ResponseDiabetes also leads to a diminished immune response. Diabetic abnormalities in immune response include impaired neutrophil chemotaxis, phagocytosis and adhesion. Certain protein factors in diabetic serum competitively bind neutrophil receptors, thereby preventing complement-mediated phagocytosis. The bodys defense system is thus undermined, predisposing to infections.Cytokine RegulationDiabetics show an increase of inflammatory cytokines from monocytes/ polymorphonuclear leukocytes and reduction in growth factors from macrophages. This predisposes to chronic inflammation, tissue breakdown and diminished repair capac ity. There is an increase in Interleukin1 (IL1) and Tumor necrosis factor (TNF). These, in turn increase the release of enzymes that destroy gingival connective tissue, and promote the formation of osteoclasts.Bone FormationDiabetes has also been found to impair the ability of new bone formation. It interferes with the process of coupling. This diminished capacity of new bone formation interferes with the ability of a diabetic individual to repair the loss of tissue that occurs in periodontal disease.Bacterial plaque is the primary etiologic factor of periodontal disease, but diabetes complicates periodontal disease by altering host response to plaque and trim back the ability to heal fol wiped out(p)ing surgery.PERIODONTAL DISEASE AS A MODIFYING figure FOR DIABETESThe interrelationship between Periodontitis and diabetes provides an example of systemic disease predisposing to oral infection, and once that infection is established, the oral infection exacerbates systemic disease.E ffects of Infection on Glycemic ControlGlycemic control is affected by all kinds of infections. Systemic bacterial and viral infections cause a resistance in the peripheral tissue receptors to insulin.In outcome of periodontal disease, there is a persistent bacterial infection which acts in a manner similar to other systemic infections. The presence of implike periodontal disease worsens glycemic control. This effect is more pronounced in g-force negative infections.Insulin ResistancePeriodontal infection causes an increase in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, like interleukin1 (IL1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Studies have demonstrated that TNF suppresses insulin action via its specific receptor hence, it exacerbates insulin resistance, producing an insulin resistance syndrome similar to that observed in diabetes. It initiates destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to development of diabetes.Insulin resistance prevents glucose uptake into the tissues and incr eases the blood glucose level. The pancreas, thus, have to step up the production of insulin. This effect is seen in normal individuals as well as diabetics.Periodontitis, Diabetes and PregnancyPeriodontitis is particularly a problem in pregnant, diabetic women. Periodontitis causes an increase in biologic fluids, inducing labor. In this manner, it is associated with pre term, low birth weight babies. Diabetic women are more prone to Periodontitis than non diabetic women. They also tend to have more bone loss, more attachment loss and deeper pockets than non diabetic women. Diabetes, independently, also causes complications during childbearing.The effect of Periodontitis on the duration of pregnancy is exacerbated in diabetics.Periodontitis can also cause a loss of glycemic control in this crucial time. Thus, it is important that the periodontal health of pregnant, diabetic women be evaluated. Proper manipulation modalities should be undertaken to avoid an disapproving outcome.Tre atment of Periodontitis in DiabeticsRecent evidence suggests that Periodontitis should be treated other than in diabetic individuals. Periodontal surgery and the resultant transient bacteremia can cause an up regulation of TNF. This aggravates insulin resistance and upsets glycemic control. Thus Periodontitis in diabetic individuals should be treated non-surgically. The treatment of Periodontitis causes elimination of the bacterial challenge. This leads to a better tissue response to insulin. public tissue response is restored over time. Treatment of Periodontitis, thus, improves glycemic control. This is more apparent in patients with severe Periodontitis.CONCLUSIONPeriodontal disease is the result of a complex interplay of bacterial infection and host responses, and is often modified by various systemic diseases such(prenominal) as diabetes mellitus. Such diseases are capable of affecting the periodontium and/or the treatment of periodontal disease.On the other hand, recent rese arch indicated that periodontitis too can influence the course of a systemic disease like diabetes.In order to understand the cellular/molecular mechanisms responsible for such a cyclic association, one must identify common physiological changes associated with diabetes and periodontitis that give away a synergy when the conditions coexist. When one of the diseases is under control, control of the other disease is facilitated.Not only is periodontal disease thereby affected by systemic diseases, but carefully managed periodontal therapy may also have a positive effect on the general health of patients with systemic diseases.