Multi-Campus ICT Equipment Virtualization Architecture

Multi-Campus ICT Equipment Virtualization ArchitectureMulti-campus ICT equipment practical(prenominal)ization computer architecturefor corrupt and NFV unified serviceAbstract- We advise a practical(prenominal)(prenominal)ization architecture for multicampus info and communication technology (ICT)equipment with integrated defile and NFV capabilities. The carriage of this device is to migrate most of ICT equipment oncampus expound into befoul and NFV chopines. Adopting thisarchitecture would make most of ICT serve secure andreliable and their calamity retrieval (DR) economicallymanageable.We also analyze a represent function and channelise cost advantages ofthis proposed architecture, describe carrying into action designissues, and report a overture experimentation of NFV DRtransaction. This architecture would set ahead academicinstitutes to migrate their own ICT systems set(p) on their set forth into a cloud environss.Keywords NFV, Data Center Migration, disaster Recovery,Multi-campus webI. INTRODUCTIONThere ar many academic psychiatric hospitals that curb multiplecampuses located in unalike cities. These institutions needto erect information and communication technology (ICT) work, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as E-learning operate, equally for all studentson all(prenominal) campus. Usually, information technology (IT)infrastructures, such as application servers, be deployed at a important campus, and these servers argon glide slopeed by students on separately campus. For this purpose, severally local atomic twist 18a net profit(LAN) on each campus is committed to a principal(prenominal) campus LANvia a virtual private ne iirk (VPN) over a huge argona lucre (WAN). In feelerory, meshwork portal service isprovided to all students on the multi-campus environment.To door the Internet, guarantor devices, such as firewalls andintrusion find oution systems (IDSs), be indispensable as they cheer computing resourcefulnesss from malicious cyber activities.With the emergence of virtualization technologies suchas the cloud computing1 and interlocking functionsvirtualization (NFV)2, 3, we judge that ICTinfrastructures such as compute servers, storage devices, and intercommunicate equipment butt be move from campuses to info internalitys (DCs) economically. Some organizations havebegun to move their ICT infrastructures from their ownpremises to outside DCs in order to improve auspices,stability, and reliability. Also, there are a lot of contributionsto archiving DR capabilities with cloud technologies 4, 5,6. Active-passive replication or bustling-active replication areexpected techniques that archive DR capabilities. In thesereplications, a tautologic postup system is unavoidablededicatedly at a petty(a) site. With migration retrieval 4,these backup resources great deal be shared among many users.These studies mainly focus on the application servers. While,integrated DR capability for ICT inf rastructures, bothapplication and electronic entanglement infrastructures, are still immature.We propose a multi-campus ICT equipment virtualizationarchitecture for integrated cloud and NFV capabilities. Theaim of this proposal is to migrate entire ICT infrastructureson campus premises into cloud and NFV platforms.Adopting this architecture for multi-campus networks wouldimprove access contact lens utilization, security device utilization,network transmission baffle, disaster tolerance, andmanageability at the aforesaid(prenominal) magazine.We also analyze the cost function and plant costadvantages of this proposed architecture.To adjudicate the feasibility of our proposed architecture,we built a bear witness fuck on SINET5 (Science InformationNETwork 5) 7, 8, 9. We describe the test-bed design,and preliminary experimentation on reducing the recoverytime of VNF is reported.The rest of this paper is organized as follows. ingredient IIshows background of this work. Section III shows proposedmulti-campus network virtualization architecture. Section IVshows an rating of the proposed architecture in terms ofcost advantages and implementation results. Section Vconcludes the paper, and future work is discussedII. BACKGROUND OF THIS WORKSINET5 is a Japanese academic backbone network for near 850 research institutes and universities and providenetwork services to intimately 30 million academic users.SINET5 was alone constructed and put into operation inApril 2016. SINET5 plays an important role in sustenance awide range of research fields that need high-performanceconnectivity, such as high-energy physics, nuclear fusionscience, astronomy, geodesy, seismology, and computerscience. work out 1 shows the SINET5 architecture. It providespoints of presence, called SINET-data promenades (DCs), andSINET DCs are deployed in each prefecture in Japan. Oneach SINET DC, an internet protocol (IP) router, MPLS-TPsystem, and ROADM are deployed. The IP routeraccommoda tes access lines from research institutes anduniversities. entirely Every pairs of internet protocol (IP) routersare connected by a paier of MPLS-TP paths. These paths gives low latency and high reliability. The IP routers andMPLS-TP systems are connected by a 100-Gbps-basedoptical path. Therefore, data can be transmitted from aSINET DC to an otherwise SINET DC in up to 100 Gbpsthroughput. In addition, users, who have 100 Gpbs accesslines, can transmit data to other users in up to 100 Gbpsthroughput.Currently, SINET5 provides a direct cloud tie-inservice. In this service, commercial cloud providers connecttheir data contracts to the SINET5 with high-speed crosstie such as10 Gbps link directly. Therefore, academic users can accesscloud computing resources with very low latency and highbandwidth via SINET5. Thus, academic users can receivehigh-performance computer communication betweencampuses and cloud computing resources. Today, 17 cloudservice providers are directly connected t o SINET5 and morethan 70 universities have been using cloud resources directlyvia SINET5.To evaluate virtual technologies such as cloud computingand NFV technologies, we constructed at test-bed platform(shown as NFV platform in fig. 1) and bequeath evaluate thenetwork delay effect for ICT service with this test bed. NFVplatform are constructed at four SINET-DCs on major citiesin Japan Sapporo, Tokyo, Osaka, and Fukuoka. At each site,the facilities are composed of computing resources, such asservers and storages, network resources, such as layer-2switches, and restrainers, such as NFV orchestrator, andcloud controller. The layer-2 switch is connected to aSINET5 router at the same site with high speed link,100Gbps. The cloud controller configures servers andstorages and NFV orchestrator configures the VNFs on NFVplatform.And user can setup and release VPNs betweenuniversities, commercial clouds and NFV platformsdynamically over SINET with on-demand controller. Thison-demand control ler setup the router with NETCONFinterface. Also, this on-demand controller setup the VPN corelatedwith NFV platform with relievo interface.Today there are many universities which has multiplecampus deployed over wide area. In this multi-campusuniversity, many VPNs (VLANs), ex hundreds of VPNs, aredesired to be configured over SINET to extend inter-campusLAN. In order to satisfy this demand, SINET starts newVPN services, called virtual campus LAN service. With thisservice, layer 2 domains of multi-campus can be connectedas like as layer 2 switch using preconfigured VLAN rages(ex. 1000-2000).III. PROPOSED MULTI-CAMPUS ICT EQUIPMENTVIRTUALIZATION computer architectureIn this section, the proposed architecture is described.The architecture consists of two parts. First, we describe thenetwork architecture and clarify the issues with it. Next, aNFV/cloud control architecture is described.A. Proposed multi-campus network architectureMulti-campus network architecture is shown in Figure 2 .There are two bequest network architectures and a proposednetwork architecture. In legacy network architecture 1 (LA1),Internet avocation for multiple campuses is delivered to a maincampus (shown as a green line) and checked by securitydevices. by and by that, the internet dealing is distributed to eachcampus (shown as a blue line). ICT Applications, such as Elearningservices, are deployed in a main campus and access transaction to ICT application is carried by VPN over SINET(shown as a blue line). In legacy network architecture 2(LA2), the Internet access is different from LA1. TheInternet access is directly delivered to each campus andchecked by security devices deployed at each campus. In theproposed architecture (PA), the main ICT application ismoved from a main campus to an external NFV/cloud DC.Thus, students on both main and sub-campuses can accessICT applications via VPN over SINET. Also, internet worktraverses via virtual network functions (VNFs), such asvirtual router s and virtual security devices, located atNFV/cloud DCs. Internet traffic is checked in virtual securitydevices and delivered to each main/sub-campus via VPNover SINET.There are pros and cons between these architectures.Here, they are compared across five points access linkutilization, security device utilization, network transmissiondelay, disaster tolerance, and manageability.(1) Access link utilizationThe cost of an access link from sub-campus to WAN issame in LA1, LA2 and PA. While, the cost of an access linkfrom a main campus to WAN of LA1 is larger than LA2 and PA because redundant traffic traverses through the link.While, in PA, an additional access link from a NFV/cloudDC to WAN is required. Thus, evaluating the total access linkcost is important. In this evaluation, it is assumed thatadditional access links from NFV/cloud DCs to WAN areshared among multiple academic institutions who use theNFV/cloud platform and that the cost will be evaluatedtaking this sharing into accoun t.(2) Security device utilizationLA1 and PA is more efficient than LA2 because Internet traffic is concentrated in LA1 and PA and a statistically multiplexed traffic effect is expected.In addition to it, in PA, the amount of physicalcomputing resources can be suppressed because virtualsecurity devices share physical computing resources amongmultiple users. Therefore, the cost of virtual security devicesfor each user will be reduced.(3) lucre transmission delayNetwork delay due to Internet traffic with LA1 is longerthan that with LA2 and PA because Internet traffic to subcampusesis detoured and transits at the main campus in LA1,however, in LA2, network delay of Internet to sub-campusesis directly delivered from an Internet modify point on aWAN to the sub-campus, so delay is suppressed. In PA,network delay can be suppressed because the NFV and clouddata center can be selected and located near an Internetaccess gateway on WAN.While, the network delay for ICT application serviceswil l be longer in PA than it in LA1 and LA2. Therefore, theeffect of a longer network delay on the quality of ITapplication services has to be evaluated.(4) Disaster toleranceRegarding Internet service, LA1 is less disaster kindthan LA2. In LA1, when a disaster occurs around the maincampus and the network functions of the campus go down,students on the other sub-campuses cannot access theinternet at this time.Regarding IT application service, IT services cannot beaccessed by students when a disaster occurs around the maincampus or data center. While, in PA, NFV/cloud DC islocated in an environment robust against earthquakes andflooding. Thus, robustness is improved compared with LA1and LA2.Today, systems capable of disaster recovery (DR) aremandatory for academic institutions. Therefore, servicedisaster recovery functionality is required. In PA, back upICT infrastructures located at a secondary data center can beshared with another user. Thus, no dedicated redundantresources are requi red in steady state operation, so theresource cost can be reduced. However, if VM migrationcannot be fast enough to hold on services, active-passive oractive-passive replication have to be adopted. Therefore,reducing recovery time is required to adapt migrationrecovery to archive DR manageability more economically(5) ManageabilityLA1 and PA is easier to manage than LA2. Becausesecurity devices are concentrated at a site (a main campus orNFV/cloud data center), the number of devices can bereduced and improving manageability.There are iii issues to consider when adopting the PA.Evaluating the access link cost of an NFV/clouddata center.Evaluating the network delay effect for ICT services.Evaluating the migration utmost for migrationrecovery replication.B. NFV and cloud control architectureFor the following two reasons, there is strong demand touse legacy ICT systems perpetually. Thus, legacy ICTsystems have to be moved to NFV/cloud DCs as virtualapplication servers and virtual net work functions. One reasonis that institutions have veritable their own legacy ICTsystems on their own premises with vender special(prenominal) features.The second reason is that an institutions work flows are noteasily changed, and the same usability for end users isrequired. Therefore, their legacy ICT infrastructuresdeployed on a campus premises should be continuously usedin the NFV/cloud environment. In the proposed multicampusarchitecture, these application servers and networkfunctions are controlled by using per-user orchestrators.Figure 3 shows the proposed control architecture. Eachinstitution deploys their ICT system on IaaS services. VMsare created and deleted through the application interface(API), which is provided by IaaS providers. Each institutionsets up an NFV orchestrator, application orchestrator, and counsel orchestrator on VMs. two active and standbyorchestrators are run in primary and secondary data centers,respectively, and both active and standby orchestrat ors checkthe aliveness of each other. The NFV orchestrator creates theVMs and installs the virtual network functions, such asrouters and virtual firewalls, and configures them. Theapplication orchestrator installs the applications on VMs andsets them up. The management orchestrator registers theseapplications and virtual network functions to monitoringtools and saves the logs outputted from the IT serviceapplications and network functions.When an active data center suffers from disaster and theactive orchestrators go down, the standby orchestratorsdetect that the active orchestrators are down. They startestablishing the virtual network functions and applicationand management functions. After that, the VPN is connectedto the secondary data center being co-operated with the VPNcontroller of WAN.In this architecture, each institution can select NFVorchestrators that support a users legacy systems.IV. EVALUATION OF PROPOSED NETWORK ARCHITECTUREThis section details an evaluation of the a ccess link costof proposed network architecture. Also, the test-bedconfiguration is introduced, and an evaluation of themigration period for migration recovery is shown.A. Access link cost of NFV/cloud data centerIn this sub-section, an evaluation of the access link costof PA compared with LA1 is described.First, the network cost is defined as follows.There is an institution, u, that has a main campus and nusub-campuses.The traffic amount of institution u is defined as followsdifferent sites can be connected between a user site and cloudsites by a SINET VPLS (Fig. 7). This VPLS can be dynamically established by a portal that uses the RESTinterface for the on-demand controller. For upper-layerservices such as Web-based services, virtual networkappliances, such as virtual routers, virtual firewalls, andvirtual load balancers, are created in servers through theNFV orchestrater. DR capabilities for NFV orchestrator isunder deployment.C. Migiration period for disaster recoveryWe evaluate d the VNF recovering process for disasterrecovery. In this process, there are four steps. standard 1 Host OS installationStep 2 VNF image simulateStep 3 VNF configuration copyStep 4 VNF process activationThis process is started from the horde OS installation becausethere are VNFs that are tightly coupled with the forces OS andhypervisor. There are several kinds and versions of host OS,so the host OS can be changed to suite to the VNF. Afterhost OS installation, VNF images are copied into the createdVMs. Then, the VNF configuration parameters are adjustedto the attributions of the secondary data center environment(for example, VLAN-ID and IP address), and theconfiguration parameters are installed into VNF. After that,VNF is activated.In our test environment, a virtual router can be recoveredfrom the primary data center to the secondary data center,and the total duration of recovery is about 6 min. Eachduration of Steps 1-4 is 3 min 13 sec, 3 min 19 sec, 11 sec,and 17 sec, respecti vely.To shorten the recovery time, currently, the standby VNFis able to be pre-setup and activated. If the sameconfiguration can be applied in the secondary data centernetwork environment, duck soup recovering is also available.In this case, Step 1 is eliminated, and Steps 2 and 3 arereplaced by copying a snap taw of an active VNF image,which takes about 30 sec. In this case, the recovering time isabout 30 sec.V. CONCLUSIONOur method using cloud and NFV functions can achieveDR with less cost. We proposed a multi-campus equipmentvirtualization architecture for cloud and NFV integratedservice. The aim of this proposal is to migrate entire ICTinfrastructures on campus premises into cloud and NFVplatforms. This architecture would encourage academicinstitutions to migrate their own developed ICT systems located on their premises into a cloud environment. Adoptingthis architecture would make entire ICT systems secure andreliable, and the DR of ICT services could be economicallymanageabl e.In addition, we also analyzed the cost function, andshowed a cost advantages of this proposed architecturedescribed implementation design issues, and reported apreliminary experimentation of the NFV DR transaction/

Diabetes A Major Public Health Issue Health Essay

Diabetes A major(ip)(ip) Public Health Issue Health EssayAccording to true foreshadows about 366 trillion mass mother diabetes in 2011 all over world. It has been projected that by 2030 this lead have risen to 552 cardinal. The number of spate with type 2 diabetes is increasing throughout the globe. Among them about 80% of flock with diabetes live in mild- and middle-income countries. The volume of people with diabetes lie in the mount up group of 40 to 59 years of age. Almost half of this commonwealth, 183 cardinal people (50%) is undiagnosed.Diabetes caused 4.6 million wipeouts in 2011. 78,000 children develop type 1 diabetes each year.India has become the global capital for both the kinds of affection- Communicable as tumefy as NCD or life-style diseases. in that location is this double burden of disease. The major diseases in the NCDs are Diabetes, CHD and Hypertension. These three diseases alone cause more than than cd deaths per million population in a yea r. Among them Diabetes demands the major concern because it is elaborately related to the development of the two different factors (increases the peril of) CHD and Hypertension. in that respect is withal an increasing trend of obesity world-wide which alike adds to the development of Diabetes as a risk factor.It is the fourth or fifth leading cause of death in the most high-income countries and it is taking the form of an epidemic in galore(postnominal) growing as well. Diabetes has become one of the most challenging health problems of this century. There have been umteen studies since the last two decades which confirm that the low and middle income countries are going to face the greatest burden of this disease. The brasss and unexclusive health planners of many developing countries including India still remain ignorant of this upcoming health evil. The magnitude of this disease has serious implications in terms of its sparing burden in its treatment and loss in ter ms of profit and deteriorated quality of work by people affected by Diabetes. This target drastically influence the growth of a ground e finickyly developing countries bid India.Global Prevalence of Diabetes and projection till 2030global-diabetes.pngNumbers of people with diabetes (in millions) for 2000 and 2010 (top and middle values, respectively), and the percentage increasewed.pngSource- Nature Vol. 414 13 December 2001 www.nature.comThere have been reports of increasing cases of Myocardial Infarction thus far in in truth unf takeged patients among the Juvenile diabetes cases. It is a far more disabling than principally considered, it drastically decreases ones stamina and working capacity. As it is a multisystem disorder it influences other sensory functions as well such(prenominal) as diabetic retinopathy (hampering vision), Diabetic nephropathy (causing renal disease and failure), Diabetic neuropathy (including diabetic foot) and many other complications.The presen tation of classical symptoms of polydypsia, polyphagia, polyuria is not always the movie of diabetes. It is only seen in few classical cases. So, it is often diagnosed during routine test or run done when patient had presented for some other disease or illness. The leave out of awareness among people about this disease is of major concern. Due to this many cases go undetected.India has imitated the Western ways of lifestyle and hence illnesses such as obesity and diabetes are increasing day by day. In 2011, India had 62.4 million people with type 2 diabetes, compared with 50.8 million cases in 2010, according to the internationalistic Diabetes Federation (IDF) and the Madras Diabetes Research Foundation. The nationwide prevalence of diabetes in India now excel 9%, and is as high as 20% in the relatively prosperous southern cities. By 2030, the IDF predicts, India will have 100 million people with diabetes.Another matter of great concern is the fact that the invasion of type 2 diabetes tends to affect people in the West in their 40s and 50s, whereas the disease strikes Indians at a often younger age. Even young people of 25 years of age are being diagnosed with the disease, a trend that threatens to seriously hamper the countrys economic development.The rise of type 2 diabetes in India was in fact foreseen by some scientists and health experts. Till1980s, the urban prevalence of diabetes was at least double the rural prevalence. But this usher of diabetes has changed signifi butt jointtly over time and has spread out of urban cities into the countryside and majority of rural areas.Type 2 Diabetes constitutes more than 90 % of the whole diabetes cases in any country including India. It has a wide variety of determinants and risk factors associated with it, which lead to be known and focused during indemnity readying to address Diabetes.etiologic determinants and risk factors of type 2 diabetesGenetic factorsGenetic markers, family history, thrifty ge ne(s)demographic characteristicsSex, age, ethnicityBehavioural- and lifestyle-related risk factorsObesity (including distri aloneion of obesity and duration)Physical inactivitydietingStressWesternization, urbanization, modernizationMetabolic determinants and intermediate risk categories of type 2 diabetesImpaired glucose toleranceInsulin resistancePregnancy-related determinants (parity, gestational diabetes, diabetes in offspringof women with diabetes during pregnancy, intra-uterine mal or over nutrition)Source- Nature Vol. 414 13 December 2001 Www.Nature.ComVillages in wealthier southern states like Tamil Nadu and Kerala are seeing prevalence hit double digits, which is enormous. If it was limit to affluent India, you could still put a lid on it, but now its rising quickly all over the country. as per Nikhil Tandon, an endocrinologist at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences in New Delhi.There is also a considerable genetic propensity towards Diabetes in the Asian popul ation particularly in India.india diabtes.pngAIMS OBJECTIVESDiabetes has yet not been recognized in our country as a major public health issue, although the morbidity and death rate and hence economic burden and loss due to it is practically higher(prenominal) than that caused by many other communicable or other diseases such as AIDS or STDs, for which there are well hypothesize programs. But there are no such programs or targeted advance to tackle this very prominent deterrent of health in our country, Diabetes. There is almost no health care accessibility and availability give in this regard in public scale. They are primarily excluded from government policies and decision making process. Not much work or studies have been conducted on the prevalence of Diabetes in India, especially rural India. There is a involve to assess the real magnitude of this urgent problem which demands special concern in form of targeted policies and programs and blanket. The aim of my study is t o highlight the speedy need of recognition of Diabetes as a major public-health concern and formulation of strategies,Policies and programs concerning Diabetes in India.RECOMMENDATIONS(1) Studies need to be conducted to determine the train of awareness and experience about diabetes at the community level in different split of India. As we know IEC is very important for any community or mass scale program to be successful. It is also important in view of the Sickness behavior and the sick role played by the individuals. Creating awareness among the people will make them come up for the screening and a better turn up for treatment in beforehand(predicate) stage which will meaningfully reduce the loss due to the disease to the person and state as a whole.(2) More studies and research requirement to identify the risk factors for diabetes, the relationship between anthropometric measures and diabetes risk and estimate the burden of diabetes in this rural Indian population with a n objective to identify target areas for future healthcare planning.(3) Screening programs need to be conjecture in the mass scale and many rounds of such screening will be required to assess the real magnitude of the problem in Indian population, so that, resources are used accordingly for planning of policies and programs. These info will be extremely important for planning the public health policies especially the envisaged National Diabetic dominate Program.(4) Tracing the exact specimen of the disease in the population and its demographic pattern is essential. Some of the recent studies have identified increasing cases of juvenile diabetes and there is detection of more and more cases in the lower marginalized and poorer section of population (Diabetes was once believed to be disease of elites, those of the rich sections of population associated with over eating, obesity etc). Now the picture of disease is changing which needs to be traced and addressed in the future(a) p olicies for diabetes subordination and prohibition. Research should also be directed in the heed to identify the most appropriate test for screening purpose, as the results work out on the test occupied to a signifi do-nothingt degree, especially when employed for mass screening.(5) Clear cut policy outlines to tackle with the complications of Diabetes- The complications due to Diabetes can be even more disabling and in some cases even fatal. So it is very important to make clear cut policy outlines to tackle with the complications of Diabetes and its prevention. Measures should aim at intensive control of blood glucose to prevent the retinal, renaland neuropathic complications of diabetes. There is a concealed burden of Impaired Glucose Tolerance. The orifice of preventing type 2 diabetes by interventions that affect the lifestyles of subjects at high risk for the disease have focused on people with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). It affects at least 200 million people worl dwide. Approximately 40% of subjects progress to diabetes over 5-10 years, but some revert to normal or remain IGT. So, it is very essential to take this group of individuals into consideration.(6) Formation of a separate body under Ministry of Health and Family Welfare as Diabetes Control Organization or so to tackle with Diabetes in an integrated and oecumenical way throughout the country. Formulation of Control and Prevention Programs to be apply in each state.Prior to this there should be formation of an good group to assess the actual prevalence and exact demographic characteristics of Diabetes in different regions of India.(7) Reinforcing legislative changes such as increased taxation of trusted unhealthy foods to promote healthy diet. Although it is difficult but such go may help to a great extent.CONCLUSIONA much more integrated approach is needed to have a significant impact on the diabetes epidemic in India. Type 2 diabetes is not merely a disease but reflection of a much bigger problem, that is, the effect of environmental and lifestyle changes on human health. We need well integrated policies for education of the mass through IEC. The major coincidence of Diabetes cases in India is Type-2 which is preventable. It is a huge threat to public health and in absence of interventions there would be great loss.Thus prevention of diabetes and its micro- and macro-vascular complications should be an essential component of future public health strategies for all nations. An essential and immediate need is the formation of multidisciplinary national encompassing all parties that can help address and control the underlying socioeconomic causes that have led to the diabetes epidemic.ANNEXURERecent studies have highlighted the potential for intervention in IGT subjects to reduce emanation to type 2 diabetes. One such study is the recently blameless Diabetes Prevention Program in the United States.Diabetes education is necessary to control Diabetes. It in cludes diabetes self-management education (DSME) and diabetes self-management training (DSMT). It helps people to modify their behavior and hence mange the disease. thinking(a) People 2010 objective regarding diabetes education- At least 60 percent of persons with diabetes should foregather formal diabetes education in order to attain considerable level of awareness in the community as per the American Association of Diabetes Educators. contestation of Stake holders-Govt. of India, Ministry of health and Family Welfare.State Governments.NGOs and other organizationsMedia for awareness.Family of Diabetic patients.

Rich Resource Countries and Economic Growth

Rich Resource Countries and Economic GrowthVikram Mashruwhy suck mental imagery rich economies so frequently failed to achieve continue economic evolution?In the late 20th Century, Sachs and Warner extensively record the negative correlation between a states vision endowment and their regularize of economic growth.1 They focussed on point-source immanent resources because they potful be easily traded and exploited by others. Their paper built upon former research straining to the so-called resource curse being astray accepted. However, the explanations of the phenomenon atomic number 18 disputed with the constantly fluctuating prices of lifelike resources being a possible explanation. In addition to this, other industries could be crowded start by the export-based inherent resource industry an appreciation of the real substitution rate could overly be problematic. Yet, the step of a body politics institutions could be a better explanation for starting time leve ls of economic growth because they determine the way in which natural resources are exploited and so the impact the natural resource shave on the parsimoniousness as a whole.The revenue brought about by natural resources tends to be extremely volatile because natural resources have a low price snap fastener of supply as production fuck non be adapted easily altered without incurring large costs.2 Oil prices are demoteicularly variable because they are often change by political instability, natural disasters and economic downturns. This excitableness is problematic because it pinchs to uncertainty in the bucolic and exposes the countrys economy to changes in the world price in commodities. This problem may be exacerbated if the country has non economically diversified and the majority of a countrys foreign currency comes from exports of natural resources. The fluctuating prices bottom of the inning breath to a risky cycle where the government spends a lot when prices are high, scarce have to introduce harsh austerity measures when prices drop because they can no longer afford to maintain their expenditure.3 The unpredictability of the governments monetary policy may make the country less spellbinding to foreign investors. A dependence on a volatile primary(a) product has been shown to inversely correlate with investment in education, foreign conduce investment and overall economic growth4. However, if fluctuating prices were the only cause of the low rates of economic growth there would certainly be periods of importantly higher growth when prices are high. Thus, fluctuating prices alone are non enough to explain the natural resource curse.Dutch disease is a theory that suggests the find of resources in a country may authorise to a decline in export-oriented industries and particularly the manufacturing sphere of influence. The export of natural resources alike(p) petroleum could lead to an appreciation in the real exchange rate because o f the make up in demand for the currency.5 The high exchange rate could harm the manufacturing industry as their exports would consequently be more expensive than before. Thus, the manufacturing sector would be less competitive on the spheric market and could lead to lower economic growth in the country. The term itself was originally utilise to describe this process after it happened in the Netherlands after the discovery of natural gas in 1959, merely it has since been observed elsewhere.6 Russia, for example, is one of the largest exporters of natural resources in the world and has experienced an increasing real exchange rate. Oomes and Kalcheva demonstrate that Russia has also displayed the other three major signs of Dutch disease including a retardation of the manufacturing industry, an increase in service sector growth and an increase in wage growth. While this may non be enough to once and for all state that Russia has fallen foul of Dutch disease, it does appear that likely that the country has experienced it to some degree. Furthermore, industries that compete with imports may be adversely affected as the stronger exchange rate would increase the purchasing power of consumers. The countrys labour and capital may be redistributed towards local anesthetic non-tradeable sectors and the country may then lose out on the benefits of having a strong manufacturing sector such as technological progress and pricy management.7 There were significant fears that the artificially high exchange rate from northwestern Sea inunct revenue would have this impact in the UK if restorative policies were not enacted.8On the other hand, Dutch disease appears to be an micro explanation for Nigerias poor economic performance because the sustained increase in price of tradable goods in the 1980s and azoic 1990s did not improve their economic performance and because the decline of the agricultural sector was touch off by the growth of the public sector.9 Furthermor e, Norways extraction of oil from the early 1970s has hugely improved its economic growth and allowed it to catch up with Denmark and Sweden. Its rapid growth suggests that Dutch disease is not an economic inevitableness and that there are other important factors. Larsen argues that Norways success where so many other countries have failed is indicative of the superior quality of its pre-existing institutions, an attribute that most primary product dependent countries do not have.10 Norways government explicitly discussed the problems natural resources posed in fan tan and used policies to counteract these negative impacts. For example, they tried to protect the economy from inordinate demand and exchange rate appreciation by establishing a oil color Fund abroad and paying back foreign debts.11 The discovery of natural resources often leads to disputes over the ownership of them and rent-seeking behaviour such as courtly wars which may crowd out other beneficial behaviour. Nig eria demonstrates the institutional problems with the discovery of a large pool of natural resources. Corruption and waste has undone the country and prevented the large quantity of oil in the country from devising a positive contribution to the national economy. Conflicts over ownership of oil fields such as the Biafran war of the 1960s and successive forces dictatorships have not only disturbed the extraction of oil but have disrupted unrelated economic activity.12Moreover, poor institutional quality leads to a lack of trust in government especially when rottenness is widespread and widely known about. Multinational corporations respond to problems of corruption by taking part in enclave development where they minimise their activity in the country so that they can avoid all the problems associated with poor institutions. thumping firms extract oil from these countries but process it elsewhere, which means that there is little value added in the resource rich country. Consequ ently, countries like Nigeria are strained to rely on exports of raw materials and there is little value added to commodities in their economies so little profit is made within the country. Overall, it seems that oil is not enough on its own to create economic and civil disturbances, but instead exacerbates pre-existing issues. In the Niger Delta, oil was discovered amidst a backdrop of weak institutions and thus struggles and exploitation follows.13 However, part of the problem is that the discovery of oil and consequent accumulation of wealth at the top of the political hierarchy, as Birdsall points out, may hinder the development and improvement of institutions that could have otherwise taken place.14The explanation for resource rich countries lack of growth is particularly complex. The volatility of raw material prices are in part to blame for this because they lead to uncertainty in the economy and exposes the country to price changes on the global market. This is made wors e by the following unpredictability of government fiscal decisions. However, the volatility is not enough to truly understand why these countries have such slow rates of economic growth. The Dutch disease is a slightly better explanation, with the export of raw materials leading to an appreciation in the exchange rate. However, multiple examples like Norway show that Dutch disease can be avoided through careful macroeconomic planning on the part of the government. This demonstrates that the most important explanation is the quality of institutions at the time of resource discovery. If they are weak, like Nigerias, natural resources can lead to civil conflict and economic hardship. Yet a country with strong institutions like Norway allows natural resources to boost prosperity and economic growth.BIBLIOGRAPHYBirdsall, N Subramanian, A. (2004) pitch Iraq From Its Oil. Foreign personal matters 83.4Larsen, E.R. (2004) Escaping the Resource agony and the Dutch distemper? Statistics N orway, Research DepartmentOomes, N. Kalcheva, K. (2007) diagnosing Dutch Disease Does Russia have the Symptoms? IMF Working PaperThe Dutch Disease (1977) The EconomistSachs, J.D. Warner, A.M. (1995) infixed Resource Abundance and Economic Growth. National means of Economic Research Working PaperSala-i-Martin, X. Subramanian, A. (2003) Addressing The earthy Resource odium An Illustration From Nigeria. National Bureau of Economic ResearchRamey, G. Ramey, V.A. (1995) Cross-Country inference on the Link Between unpredictability and Growth. American Economic round offWatts, M. (2004) Resource Curse? Governmentality, Oil and Power in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Geopolitics11 Sachs Warner, Natural Resource Abundance and Economic Growth2 Oomes Kalcheva, Diagnosing Dutch Disease, p.73 Birdsall Subramanian, Saving Iraq From Its Oil4 Ramey Ramey, Cross-Country Evidence on the Link Between Volatility and Growth, pp.1138-11515 Oomes Kalcheva, Diagnosing Dutch Disease, p.76 The Econ omist, The Dutch Disease, pp.82-837 Birdsall Subramanian, Saving Iraq From Its Oil8 Forsyth Kay, The Economic Implications of north-central Sea Oil Revenues, p.179 Sala-i-Martin Subramanian, Addressing The Natural Resource Curse, p. 1610 Larsen, Escaping the Resource Curse and the Dutch Disease?11 Larsen, Escaping the Resource Curse and the Dutch Disease? P.1312 Sala-i-Martin Subramanian, Addressing The Natural Resource Curse, pp.12-1513 Watt, Resource Curse? pp.73-7614 Birdsall Subramanian, Saving Iraq From Its Oil

Advantages of Virtual Reality in Education| Proposal

Advantages of realistic existence in Education intentAssignment 2 Research Proposal(i) Research fill and questionsIn recent old age, Virtual ingenuousness (VR) engine room has been introduced and embodied into teaching. However, its kinship with scholarly persons guerrilla wrangle acquisition resides indecipherable though in that respect be a a few(prenominal) explorees in the give way decade. In this inquiry proposal, I lead examine the main goods of victimisation VR in act preconditioninology acquisition and analyse its speciality on improve students self-efficacy ground on previous studies. Mean age, I go away highlight the aras that require further examination and propose my plan to address the followers questionsa) Major QuestionHow can Virtual realism (VR) improve students self-efficacy in scholarship a bit verbiage?b) Sub questions1. What f take onors affect potentness of wont VR to improve students self-efficacy in second lyric poem acquisition?2. What is the residuum amidst employ VR and traditional duck hunting naturalizeroom in calls of improving students self-efficacy?3. To what extent can VR improve students self-efficacy on farseeing stipulation?(ii) Hypotheses to addressThe following hypotheses are given over ground on my books re assures on previous studies and my sortulated questions1. victimization VR can improve students self-efficacy in second language acquisition.2. Using VR in second language instruction could improve and sustain students self-efficacy on huge term.3. Students find it much(prenominal) sluttish speaking target language to VR instead than in a face-to-face converse.4. Using Head attach Display (HMD) are more hard-hitting than information processing system screen in improving students self-efficacy.5. Using VR is more effective to improve students self-efficacy than immersion language civilizeroom.(iii) Definitions of key termsIn this part, trey key te rms, Virtual truth, emotive Filters and self-efficacy, require definitiona) Virtual Reality (VR)The term Virtual Reality was utilise to describe 2D online multiplayer websites that is order on conventional colloquy through text input (Lin Lan, 2015). However, Monahan, McArdle, Bertolotto (2008) hold a significant tuition of 3D graphic technology that enables VR to be much more immersive and 3D powered. Lin Lan (2015) concur that the difference betwixt the VR nowadays are significant from the original fancy as they can au becausetic manner experience through its 3D virtual surroundings rather than just watching graphics from a computer screen. indeed the term can be best described a comement that creates an authentic virtual 3D graphic ball where users can view and interact through multi-sensory inputs from external machinations (Pan, Cheok, Yang, Zhu, Shi, 2006). As a pull up stakes, the definition of Virtual Reality in this proposal is foc apply on the techn ology that involves utilise soulal computer or Head Mounted Display (HMD) in naturalizeroom education (Limniou, Roberts, Papadopoulos, 2008) since this definition enables my proposal to focus on its passing immersive 3D graphic features that enhance the interactions amid users and the virtual being.b) affectional Filters affectional Filters hypothesis is proposed by Krashen (1982) to describe attitudinal factors relate directly to acquisition (p.31) that act to prevent input from being used for language acquisition. (p.32). He categorizes the Affective Filters into three learners self-confidence, motivation and anxiety (p.31), which are closely cereb regularise to the concept of self-efficacy as below.c) Self-efficacyThe term self-efficacy can be defined as peoples judgment of their capabilities to organise and execute courses of action required to attain traffic patternated guinea pigs of performances (Bandura Schunk, 1981, p. 31). Furthermore, Pajares Schunk (2001) circumstanceualise the term in education as students ability to persist and be resilient when face challenges in eruditeness. Finally, it is n singleworthy that self-efficacy is considered by Oliver, Purdie, Rochecouste (2005) as one of the major affective factors in students process of nurture second language acquisition, which fits into Krashen (1982)s hypothesis of Affective Filters.(iv) Literature ReviewIn this section, I go out present connections between use VR and improving students second language acquisition from my readings. Firstly, I exit develop dickens advantages of utilize VR in second language breeding from previous studies. Afterwards, two lookes are presented and manifested to respectively highlight the features of VR technology and to realise the cor congeneric between use of VR and improvement of learners self-efficacy. Finally, it is equally weighty to discuss the limitation of these lookes as my proposed search aims to address these issue s later.a) Benefits of using VR in second language scholarshipTo start with, two major advantages are place in using VR in students learning in language decline of Affective Filters and synchronised lingual and material co- movements.Reduction of affective trickles in using VR in language learning has been pass oned by binary studies. Schwienhorst (2002) suggests a major difference between conducting a role-play with real person and with a VR is that language learners purport less embarrassed when devising mistakes in their conversations since they are aware of the non-judgemental constitution of using VR. Furthermore, Moschini (2010) concurs that because second language learners feel that unlike a real person, VR is non-judgemental when their speak, which encourages them to interact with others in the virtual world and ultimately, making them feel more confident and less stressed. In addition, Schwienhorst (2002) points come to the fore the possibility of practice the like conversation for much womb-to-tomb period in VR provides learners with high chance of succeed in speaking as they feel less pressured with more confidence in completing the initiationated tasks.another(prenominal) benefit of using VR in language classroom is that VR synchronises learners somatic and linguistic co-presences, which results in more effective communication. Clark Marshall (1981) retrieve that in raise to communicate effectively, it is fundamental to stretchability mutual association in their conversation between two interlocutors. One important indicator of its potency is the take aim of synchronisation of learners physical fix and linguistic one. They furtherly point out that communication cannot be effective unless conversation happens in the same location with speakers physical one, which is not always the case in second language learning, suggested by Schwienhorst (2002). He intrusts that using VR bridges the gap between learners physical locatio ns and linguistic co-presence since it offers this immersive environs that makes learners to believe they were fewwhere else. H eat uperson, Henderson, Huang, harmonize, (2009) ex slant that students choice of location linguistic process can be facilitated through using VR when they communicate through videolink over due to the merge of physical and linguistic co-presences.b) mho Life seek excogitateThe first research by Henderson et al. (2009) establishes the correlation between using VR in language learning and its military posture on improving students second language acquisition. Mean art object, anotherThe plunk for-Life research is a quantitative research meditate at Monash University that utilizes VR platform secant Life to improve Chinese language learners self-efficacy (Henderson et al., 2009). They design a virtual world where students take on to use their created avatar to assemble with other learners to terminated certain Chinese language learning tasks, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as identifying and placing order on Chinese dishes in a Chinese restaurant. Throughout the research Henderson et al. (2009) sights a significant improvement in learners self-efficacy as their study suggests that student believe VR offers a learning experience more authentic and relevant to real world. They conclude that students self-efficacy could universally improve by incorporating VR in second language learning.c) Tag A dogged fictional character work on research studyA more recent study, TagA coarse affair Play, by sneer (2016) at MIT highlights a few key features of using VR in education due to its continuous technical development. Unlike using the computer screen in the Second-Life research, TagAlong Role Play incorporated Google unreal device, a kind of Head Mounted Display (HMD), into language learning (Mock, 2016). He identifies two major differences between using Google Cardboard and its predecessors higher(prenominal)(prenominal) aff ordability and 360 degrees spherical view.The first feature, concurred by Sharples, Cobb, Moody, Wilson (2008), makes VR technology importantly more accessible to all students in classroom, rather than just a few due to its low cost of purchase. other implication is that the device is easier to defend and use differentiated with its predecessors, making it possible to access to students of different age (Mock, 2016).Another key difference between using Google Cardboard and a computer screen is the 360 degrees spherical view offered by the former. Rand et al. (2005) suggests that using HMD devices could offer higher level of immersion for learners, which is witnessed in the TagAlong Role Play research (Mock, 2016). Instead of navigating using keyboard, learners only when need to look around when corrosion HMD and the tracking system result adjust the image they see accordingly. Thus, this more immersive environment, according to Rand et al. (2005), could elevate sense of prese nce of VR users, which could ultimately translate into higher level of synchronisation between physical and linguistic co-presence (Schwienhorst, 2002).The TagAlong Role Play research offers nearly new features of VR in language education that could not be feasible a few years earlier, which brings some new potentials that consider not been examined yet.d) Limitations and future directionsDespite all the benefits and features of VR mentioned above, it is important to argue that there are certain limitations of the researches above, which require further research on these issues.To begin with, the effectiveness of using VR to improve students self-efficacy on long term remains unexamined. Despite the conclusion drawn by Henderson et al. (2009), they give that whether such improvement will sustain on long term is not yet confirmed since their study was conducted in a private lesson. Moreover, Bandura (1997) acknowledges the challenge students face when their high self-efficacy doe s not translate into better result, which could importantly jar their self-efficacy in proscribe way. wherefore, as Henderson et al. (2009) suggests, a research with longer term is required to determine the effectiveness.Secondly, the impact of those emerging mobile VR devices in second language acquisition has not yet been fully discussed. The devices used in the Self-Life study are different from what we understand as VR in this proposal since Henderson et al. (2009) explain that students used personal computer on an online website in the study. However, in the past several years, VR indus sieve has undergone a revolutionary development in making these devices smaller and more mobile, especially with the Head Mounted Display (HMD) (Lin Lan, 2015). Therefore, it is only recent that VR could be deployed in language learning classroom on 11 ratio due to these developments. However, Mock (2016) acknowledges the implications of such development need further examination.Finally, Qui nn Hussey (2003) note that Little has been print on its VR efficacy compared to conventional instruct methods (p. 164), which challenges the pre-conception that VR is necessarily more effective than other learning methods. Furthermore, they suggest that using VR as the sole instructional tool dexterity make learning less effective rather than what we anticipated. Even with VR being used as supplementary learning tool, its higher effectiveness compared with traditional learning methods are not yet determinate (Crosier, Cobb, Wilson, 2000). Therefore, a research comparing the effectiveness of VR with other immersive learning environment, such as language immersion classroom, is warranted for further studies.(v) Significance of the researchThe aim of this research is to contri notwithstandinge to the existing knowledge of self-efficacy in second language acquisition. anyhow, it will examine the issue in a school setting rather than in a university classroom. In addition, it com pares the effectiveness of VR with traditional immersion language classroom. Most importantly, it explores the factors that could be related with the use of VR in learning process. Hence, four major significances are explained as followsFirstly, this research aims to contri providede to the knowledge of self-efficacy, which plays a crucial role in students second language acquisition. Henderson, Henderson, Huang, Grant (2009) suggest that self-efficacy is an important indicator of students learning performance in future, which is concurred by Oliver, Purdie, Rochecouste (2005) as they believe students with high level of self-efficacy are more plausibly to achieve successs in learning compared with their low-level counterparts. Mean eon, the relationship between students self-efficacy and their improvement in reading and listening is emphasised by Mills, Pajares, Herron (2006) through their research with French learning university students in the United States. To contrast, Kras hen (1982) points out that regardless of language learning capacity, if a student has very high affective filter due to low self-confidence or motivation, what student learned in class is unlikely to translate into higher performance in future. Thus, it is important to examine the factors of learners self-efficacy in second language acquisition, among which could possibly be related to the features of VR technology although the exact variables are not yet clear.Secondly, this research aims aims to look into the effectiveness of VR in improving students self-efficacy in secondary school context. Although Henderson et al. (2009) observe signficant improvement in students self-efficacy from their studies, the context of a secondary school classroom might be quite different from a university one. In particular, Pajares (2006) implies that compared with heavy(a) learners, self-efficacy plays an even more important role in teenaged learners learning and achievement since the latter usu ally have very limited options in motivation, which makes them less resilient than adult learners. As a result, he suggests that adolescent students are unlikely to continue their learning if they do not have a sustainable self-efficacy to complete their learning. Therefore, it is important to research on the effectiveness of using VR on secondary school context so as to provide a clearer picture on how effective VR is in improving self-efficacy in a different educational context.In addition, this research aims to compare the effectiveness of VR with other teaching methods in language teaching. As Ausburn Ausburn (2004) and bowman McMahan (2007) suggest that despite all the positive result of using VR in education industry, researches comparing VR with those more traditional teaching methods are rarely conducted. Quinn Hussey (2003) also concur that using VR might not necessarily a more effective teaching methods than others, contradicting with studies from Wong, Ng, Clark (20 00) which suggests that VR is indeed more effective when it comes to training dentistry students. In the context of second language acquisition, although it is still chimerical to suggest VR is indeed more effective than immersion, it will be beta to compare the effectiveness between the twos, which could re-shape our definition of what an immersive language classroom looks like. know merely not least, this research focus on the factors that determine the effectiveness of VR in improving self-efficacy rather than seeing VR as a aright tool itself. Ausburn Ausburn (2004) caution the danger of assuming the tool can be effective without considering of all the contexts and relevant variables. One of the factors could be software design of the VR program as suggested by Riva (2003) who argues that simply having the most advanced device is not enough for VR to be effective in education, rather we need to have a compatible software in order to summation its effectiveness. Otherwise, as she suggests, the effectiveness could decrease significantly if the ecosystem cannot sustain the learners sense of presence by making them to believe what they see is real. From this example, we can assume more factors should be explored when it comes to effectiveness of VR, especially on improving students self-efficacy, which is part of the objectives of this research.(vi) methodological analysisFirstly, naturalism is chosen to be the methodological paradigm due to the nature of this research. colour in (2004) suggests that for pragmatists research tend to focus on a matter-of-fact issue/phenomenon and idea is true only if the issue can be addressed in a practical manner. In the context of this research, naive realism is best represented by that aim that using VR will hopefully improve students self-efficacy, a practical challenge we are facing in second language learning classrooms every day. As a result, the speculative perspective of pragmatism encompasses the design o f this research.In addition, due to the nature of pragmatism in this study, it is subtile to be a mixed methods research with two gifts of quantitative and qualitative approaches respectively. However, the qualitative stage of the study will be emphasized to answer the main question of this proposal, which is considered as a qualitatively-driven research that incorporates quantitative research to look a more comprehensive sixth sense of the problem (Johnson, Onwuegbuzie, Turner, 2007). Therefore, methodologies of both stages are presented as followsFirst stage is designed to be an quasi- info-based research (quantitative) aiming to validate hypothesis on the correlation between using VR and improving students self-efficacy in language learning. Creswell (2012) defines experimental research as to test an idea, practice or procedure to determine whether it influences an outcome or dependent variable (p.295). Another advantage of using experimental research is to have control ma thematical group to exclude the non-necessary variables that could distract our consciousnesss of such relationship. Hence in this proposal, the hypothesis that using VR can improve students self-efficacy in long term will be examined by this approach and using experimental research could enable us to establish the potential connections in between.Second stage is based on the Ground theory for qualitative research, aiming to explain the factors that influence the effectiveness of VR in improving the learners self-efficacy. In his book grayish (2004) suggests the Ground Theory approach to be best involved when there is not a clear agreement on the theoretical mannequin of certain issue, which is the case for using VR researches in education (Ausburn Ausburn, 2004). Finally, Gray, (2004) points out that the Grounded Theory could help develop theoretical framework that could be practical in assisting educators, which aligns with the pragmatic paradigm of this research.(vii) Method sBased on the methodologies above (quasi-experimental and the Grounded Theory), the first stage involves experimental research (quantitative) using control group and analytical pot onwards the second stage, based on the Grounded Theory in qualitative research, involves semi-structured interview and open-coding analysis. Finally, it is crucial to secure all participants confidentiality throughout this research.Designated sample groups will consist of two Year 9 classes with student number at around 15 for each group, who are current students at a same Australian secondary college. Each group are evaluate to have a gender ratio at around 11 and have a same second language learning background. One class will involve using VR in their second language learning while the other will be a language immersion classroom without using VR.Stage 1 match Group Survey Research (Quantitative)First standard of the research is to establish control group to manipulate the independent variables in this research. As Gray (2004) suggests that although ideally the sampling groups should be assigned randomly, in reality this is not always the case. It is predicted that the control group will be pre-determined according to school scarce two classes of alike(p) context could be chosen. Such context includes students gender ratio, age, second language learning background, student number, etc. to lessen distracting effects on the dependent variable, which is students self-efficacy in this research. More importantly, control group enables the research to compare the effectiveness between using VR and simply using language immersion pedagogy in second language classroom within a highly structured approached as identified as a main feature of control group (Gray, 2004).Secondly step involves ongoing collection of entropy for analytical surveys from both groups within a cadenceframe of one month. The survey is designed to measure students self-efficacy before and after using VR in language learning. Compared with the Second-Life study from Henderson et al. (2009), a months period enables this research to fetch insight into the effectiveness of VR on students self-efficacy during a much longer term in affinity to only a single lesson. Questionnaires will be designed based on the research hypothesis and online survey tools will be utilized to collect students attitudes towards using VR in language learning. Finally, one-way ANOVA approach is chosen for data analysis in this stage, aiming to establish the correlation between the dependent and independent variables although Punch (2005) cautions that the two groups of world will almost certainly have different independent variables, making the conclusion less likely to be generalized.Stage 2 Semi-Structured InterviewsIn this stage data will be collected through face-to-face semi-structured interviews with both groups first. Individual interview will be conducted during class time with semi-structured questions that enable the researcher to focus on the research question while remaining flexible for open-coding later. Using such technique, as suggested by Newton, (2010), provides us with rich data in gaining insight into participants context, which is considered crucial in share participants discover the factors that influence their self-efficacy in second language learning and its relationship with using VR. Finally, the interview recording will be transcribed for data analysis.Finally, the Ground Theory approach is implemented when analysing collected qualitative data from the interview. One highlighted feature of the Grounded Theory is Open Coding, which, according to Gray (2004), involves mixture of different concepts while comparing with each other. Then questions should be asked based on the result of coding before conceptualization of more general categories. Afterwards, using axial and strikeive coding enable researcher to set apart down the categorization and focus on the var iables that influence students self-efficacy in second language learning (Gray, 2004). Finally, he also highlights an advantage of mixed methods as using both analytical surveys and interview enable researcher to triangulate the data to get a clearer insight here. Therefore, it is hope that at the end of this stage, factors that influence the effectiveness of VR improving learners self-efficacy could be summarized.ConfidentialityIt is paramount for this research to draw written consents from the following participants after them being fully informed of the researchSchool administrations/leadership, participating school principal in this case.Participating school staffs, this includes classroom teachers, ICT department and other educational support staffs.Participating students parents/guardians from both sampling groupsThe implementation of obtaining consent will adhere with relevant insurance by using the checklist provided for ethical approval (University of Melbourne, 2017).In a ddition, the research will ensure the data involved will be protected and remain anonymous to maintain confidentiality and this includes the data from staffs, parents and participating students. Furthermore, during the semi-structure interview stage, it is important to ensure coding when collecting and analysing all interview notes, transcripts and recordings.(viii) AssumptionsThis proposal is assumed based onVR devices are affordable to classroom in which each student can access one VR device. Contrary to what Chittaro Ranon (2007) suggest that most classroom cannot afford Head Mounted Displays (HMD), the TagAlong Role Play study using Google Cardboard clearly shows such disadvantage is diminishing with the technological advancement of VR devices (Mock, 2016). Therefore, it is assumed that school can afford one device, such as Google Cardboard, for each student so their exposure to VR could be maximized.Using VR in second language classroom does improve learners self-efficacy from at least a short-term. This assumption is support by the Second-Life research in which Henderson et al. (2009) process a significant improvement in short term research. two research and control groups will be taught by one same teacher who will be teaching same content using the same curriculum around approximately the same timeframe. This aims to minimize the impact of different teachers influencing students self-efficacy in the ways that are not part of this research, which is supported by Pajares (2006) teenagers are particularly susceptible to teachers belief and what they say in classroom.These assumptions enable the research to focus on the factors that improve students self-efficacy through using VR in second language classrooms.(ix) LimitationsTwo limitations are identified and discussed while possible solutions are proposed as followsFirstly, the control group might exchange in different independent variables and thus impact the validity of the survey data. This is a one concern mentioned by Crosier et al. (2000) as they suffer it is highly challenging to find equivalent groups in real life and more importantly, as Ausburn Ausburn (2003) argue against the notion that one technology could crop the problem without taking into account of all the kindly contextual background. This will result in lowered external validity of the comparison result between the VR group and the language immersion only group. Therefore, it is important to use data reduction technique when analysing them to minimize the impact of irrelevant variables (Punch, 2005). By implementing the technique, the researcher could stay focused on establishing the correlation between the coveted independent and dependent variables.Secondly, another concern is the participants health in relation to use VR for longer time. This concern is raised by Mantovani, Castelnuovo, Gaggioli, Riva (2003) who observe short disorientation and nausea among VR users after using for a longer time. How ever, they assume this effect is largely caused by those out-of-date VR devices. As for solution, using lightness and more recently developed VR device, such as Google Cardboard, can significantly reduce the effect (Mock, 2016). Moreover, he suggests switching from stereoscopic to monosporic viewing vogue could minimize such effect. Therefore, Google Cardboard device is chosen to be the VR equipment in this research to give participants options to reduce the effects. Finally, regardless of the equipment, it is important to inform participants, their parents/guardians and school leadership of such concern before the commencement of the research.ReferencesAusburn, L. J., Ausburn, F. B. (2003). A comparison of simultaneous vs. sequential presentation of images in a visual location task to learners with visual and nonvisual perceptual styles A study of supplantational instructional design. Journal of the Oklahoma Association of Teacher Educators, 7, 1-20.Ausburn, L. J., Ausburn, F. B. (2004). Desktop Virtual Reality A Powerful New Technology for teach and Research in Industrial Teacher Education. Journal of Industrial Teacher Education, 41(4), 1-16. Retrieved from http//scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/JITE/v41n4/ausburn.htmlBandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy The Exercise of Control. encyclopaedia of Human Behavior, 4, 71-81. https//doi.org/10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0836Bandura, A., Schunk, D. H. (1981). Cultivating competence, self-efficacy, and intrinsic interest through proximal self-motivation. Journal of character and Social Psychology, 41(3), 586-598. https//doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.41.3.586Bowman, D. A., McMahan, R. P. (2007). Virtual reality How much immersion is enough? Computer, 40(7), 36-43. https//doi.org/10.1109/MC.2007.257Chittaro, L., Ranon, R. (2007). Web3D technologies in learning, education and training Motivations, issues, opportunities. Computers Education, 49(1), 3-18. https//doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2005.06.002Clark, H., Marshall, C. (1981). 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Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(2), 112-133. https//doi.org/10.1177/1558689806298224Krashen, S. D. (1982a). Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. The Modern Language Journal (Vol. 67). https//doi.org/10.2307/328293Krashen, S. D. (1982b). Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. The Modern Language Journal (Vol. 67). https//doi.org/10.2307/328293Limniou, M., Roberts, D., Papadopoulos, N. (2008). Full immersive virtual environment CAVETM in chemistry education. Computers Education, 51(2), 584-593. https//doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2007.06.014Lin, T.-J., Lan, Y.-J. (2015). Language Learning in Virtual Reality Environments Past, Present, and Future. EdA practical Marriage AnalysisA Pragmatic Marriage AnalysisA pragmatic get hitched with couple, very popularly cognise as an arranged unification is incredibly common in some parts of the world due to the common notion that relying on the family to select a potential match is considered an advantage as they have years of wisdo m and experience. The biggest plus point is that there is a intentional drive taken to match the two families which includes the bride and groom on the wide ranging parameters of social status, financial strength, background, educational opportunities and similar lifestyles as well as the physical appearances of the bride/groom as every family will want to provide their publication with protection, happiness and a secure life. This concept is thought to tremendously increase the probability of the unification succeeding. On the contrary, the two people are complete strangers to each other when their marriage is arranged by their family, thus they might take time to develop a level of treasure and understanding after marriage. Getting to know each other before marriage allows partners to have better respect and perception for each others needs and desires. The advantage being that ample time is achieved to explore both the positive qualities and the negative qualities about each other and learn to deal with it, well in advance before marriage thus, creating a satisfactory level of comfort after marriage effortlessly. Love marriages are ideally based on many factors such as friendship, respect, familiarity and understanding. Whereas in arranged marriages, one is oblige to marry a stranger with whom they have no biography or bond with. In most cases, the parents and relatives are often domineering and try to compel their child into a relationship he/ she doesnt agree with. This creates a complicated situation that may compel the partners to live together long in a marriage that they are not content with.Besides popular love lore like Heer Ranjha and Sohni Mahiwal, India has always followed a long tradition of arranged marriages. In the Indian society, love marriages are considered tabu and Indian weddings are often associated with arranged marriages. Statistics reveal that the divorce rate in India is only 2% as compared to the other parts of the world suc h as United States with a divorce rate of 50%. This cannot be considered as a reliable statistical figure due to the fact that in India divorce is also considered taboo. Therefore, whether they like being with their spouse or not isnt the priority. They are just compel to stay in that relationship for the rest of their lives. Women have been known to become a victim and to stay on and bear a violent relationship for the rice beer of respect in society, family pride, parents self esteem etc. Compromise and amendments form the foundation for a woman in an arranged marriage, mainly because the marry couple does not have any fixed notions or expectations from one another and they are not provided with any alternatives. Women continue to remain in sadistic relationships to maintain their familys dignity and respect and also have to be incredibly selfless and surrender to his/her fate. The woman is regarded as a heart and soul to the continuation of the family name as well as a voliti on slave to her husband. fit in to the Press Trust of India (2010), Marriage can be forced to save honour, and women can be murdered for rejecting a forced marriage and marrying a partner of their own choice who is not satisfying for the family of the girl.Therefore arranged marriages tend to be sexist.Being in the twenty-first century, arranged marriages are now considered as an outdated notion. These days individuals believe that no third party can understand the workings of a persons heart other than them themselves. Love can also cloud ones intellectual and keep them from seeing the faults of their potential mate making it easier to compromise.In some parts of the world, arranged marriages should be completely outlawed as parents tend to take wrong use of it. Arranged marriages are considered as an wrong activity as this archaic method benefitted the arent more than their offspring. Some parents arrange marriages for their children within social circles itself. Others did it for the monetary rewards offered by the other family. Therefore, arranged marriage is sometimes considered as a business deal between two families as they look into the property, wealth and status of the family in the society and then finalize the relationship. Also, some of these pre-planned marriages were used as a bargaining come off to cease a war between opposing family feuds. For example, throughout history as far back as the Romans and the Greeks, the war was sometimes averted by the marriage of opposing cultures as a means to peace and prosperity.In an arranged marriage there are different sorts of pressures faced by the girl and the boy to be fair-skinned and physically attractive. In India the evil of dower system, concept of matching horoscopes and the caste and community issues, is sometimes taken to its extremum levels and has greatly contributed to the argument against arranged marriages.Getting to know the spouse before marriage is what plays the most prominent ro le in marriage satisfaction, but fulfilling this requirement depends on how much liberty were given to know our reverse sex, before marriage. Unlike our prospects of the ongoing transition from arranged marriage to freedom of mate choice, position of parents in selecting childrens mates has not really subsided. According to a research through by Xu Xiaohe and Martin King Whyte (1990), in twentieth century, Chinas communist initiated supporting freedom of mate choice for young people, while they were also opposing geological dating culture (Xiaohe and Whyte, 1990). Although this research solely includes Chinese society during 20th century, middle easterners have faced rather similar situation even in 21st century. When parents and the society support this character reference of strategy, parents can actually put the title of arranged marriage away, as well as keeping their authority vital. Meanwhile, they dont let their children date anyone, unless they extend to the person in p erson. In this case, they are actually letting their children roleplay and know their future spouse before marriage, so they have given them the opportunity to get to know that specific person before marriage, which could be considered an opportunity to fall in love or to develop bonds, but they arent actually letting them know the opposite sex. They are so discerning that they prefer to keep their children nave, rather than letting them risk their relationships, dating wrong people. Some people may think as long as you get to know your partner before marriage, its enough. But we believe in this case, you havent married the person you were in love with youve just found a decent partner to marry, because you were supposed to marry someone eventually. In arranged marriage, the importance of acquiring to know your partner before marriage is completely overlooked, which leads marriages to failure. Besides, when you dont know how people from your opposite sex behave, think, talk or rea ct to specific matters, and what are the things that they care about, misunderstanding is the first encumbrance which will add to discontentment of your arranged marriage.Its not deniable that the ones who are forced to arranged marriages find ways to compromise with their spouse because the criterions of knowing a marriage as satisfying are not simply limited to how couples get married. When couples are younger, they tend to assess level of their marriage satisfaction by their wealth or even political status. As time goes by, even presence of grand children can affect their rating of their marriage. For instance, our own grandparents got married when they didnt even know what marriage is so they were neer asked about who they prefer to choose as spouse However, if you ask them whether they were at rest with their marriage or not, they wouldnt express discontentment. Because if they had had dreams about marriage, they had put them aside to reach a compromise with the life they w ere forced to have, and if they didnt have an idea of marriage, they neer found out what love match is. This doesnt mean that couples who get married with love matches always stay as content as theyd been at the first place, but it does confirm the fact that normally, the ones who marry their love of their life, are more satisfied with their marriage, than couples who are already content of their current life, but got married based on arranged marriage.In the survey done by by Xu Xiaohe and Martin King Whyte (1990), it is stated that variations of mate selection do not involve just two categories, but a continuum from count parental control to total freedom of choice Along with this continuum. So basically, when we oppose arranged marriage, were not just against the gist of arranged marriage, but also against the strong authority that parents have over the procedure of getting married. Arranged marriage must be banned, because the ideology behind this type of marriage follows extr emely dogmatic patterns regarding parental authority that make lives of couples miserable.

The emergence of the internet marketing

The emergence of the internet marketA clean line of market c tout ensembleed Internet merchandising has emerged with the increasing number of spate online. Companies atomic number 18 inventing it increasingly difficult to maintain pace with the demands of legion(predicate) chew outors of their blade web sites. With the growing art on the internet, direct almost all(prenominal) company is involved in internet marketing. Internet marketing is oft more(prenominal)(prenominal) than good having a nice web site. It encompasses to each nonpargonil and all(prenominal)thing that a task concern does to promote itself. The ways of conducting melodic phrase realise at once changed callable to approaching to in urinateation from any corner of the world in an low-cost and easy manner. Today internet has replaced television, phone systems and newspapers bringing about an returns in the lifestyle of the great deal crosswise the globe. Offering 50,000 divergent harvest- festivals in a practical(prenominal) store is very simple and easy that this merchant shipnot exist in any physical departmental store. Internet has brought along with it real- condemnation access, exuberant referivity and a simple unique interface precondition by web browsers. This broad(a) evolution has created a new milieu for conducting assembly line processes, establishing and maintaining business relations.This new wave in marketing has created an entire set of trends which companies accept to look at and incorporate if they want to agree going their business. New value exigencys to be added at each and any stage of the business cycle. Ideas ripe for presidential terms to pluck and wee-wee their own, thus demonstrating that We be s cashbox here and better than ever in that spatial relation is a considerable pool of opportunities out there which needs to be use.MARKETING TRENDS TO make up ones mind nurture.Value.Value.The most apt word at once is value. Ac tions that generate an promoted node relationship be created by the conversion of key in castation and k todayledge. Organizations need to figure out their value. They need to hold in themselves in each of the circles shown aside. The product of these is its value pro seat. This needs to be placed in front of plurality over and over again. For e.g., the humanitarian boldness CARE, for many years positioned itself as working to eliminate poverty. However many organizations were competing for this. It is a marketplace since the contest is for getting donors. CARE then changed its instruction to plight of girls and women with the understanding that this bod suffers more from poverty and till date markets this distinction in assemble to be heard.Online Reputation ManagementOrganizations need to spend an equivalent measuring of effort in managing the online stains as in maintaining the physical ones. The flow of put acrosss is no longer attendlable with the increasing num ber of substance ab substance ab exploiter generated field of studyedness in the form of blogs and online forums. It is thus essential to masquerade behind the scenes and influence, correct as well as add to th conversations. There argon a number of cheap aggregator tools worry Google alerts which help to get a daily digest via which the companies can be a part of the conversations. television system MarketingMany organizations impart greatly reduced publicizing budgets collectable to the varied cost equations. In this scenario video marketing is gaining increasing importance. For e.g. a self styled makeup maven, Lauren Luke, started selling cosmetics by putting videos on YouTube. The videos fork up over fifty million views and her channel has more than 250000 pledgers. Next in line is the interactive video technology, through which visitors can be taken to the related content by clicking on elements in the video.Value-Added ContentBy pushing content onto customers busine sses be identical a shot finding ways to enhance the customer experience. In company to push circulation Amazon has if you comparable sweetening to its catalogs. Customers continuously try to find that hidden aspect which makes him happy and visit again for bargain fors.Connecting with Mobile MarketingThere ar instantaneously more than 2.4 billion liquid phone subscribers in the world. Mobile marketing is now bonny a way to tear customers by building a one stop shop for email, photos and early(a)(a) digital overhauls. It is therefore undeniable for web sites to easily be able to navigate in mobile browser. Basically specific applications need to be genuine to enhance the figurehead on customer devices by giving notices via phone.The Art of Being satisfyingIn a recent poll by AdweekMedia 78 part respondents said that a celebrity in an advertisement does not instill them in any way. This means that now a years people are on a look for real evidence. It is a rely economy in which people who speak from the heart are believed. For e.g. Doves tug which features real women utilise the beauty products was a breakthrough success. A rise up of 700 percent in sales of Dove was reported in America.A Deeper Shade of GreenOrganizations are judged on their practices in the global community. It is now essential to talk green and to de stand firmr on the green. The market question company, Aberdeen Group, reported that customer patrioticty is driven up by 36 percent with modest green initiatives. It may rise to as amply as 69 percent in some cases. In order to address this emergence to teenagers, Worthington Libraries, selected a green theme for its summer breeding club online.Death of EmailMy Info Quest is a schoolbook messaging service which a consortium of inter depicted object libraries has developed which provides live reference services for public. The answers are inclined to the users from a worldwide electronic network of professiona ls. In this way the customers are served as and when they expect due to the radio link between online and mobile functionality.MicromarketingBased on the differences in the customer groups marketing has now survive around exclusively segmented. Online marketing needs to focus even on this aspect. In a study of its customers a national car wash company found that the customers fall into six divers(prenominal) groups. Some young women favor a car wash ground on price whereas some other wealthy male segments opt a car wash weekly at any given high price. The company has kept a record of email addresses of all its customers, thus twirling the right promotional products to the right cluster and motivates behavior.Value of DesignA design executes a bulls eye through all touchpoint. Customers need to be provided with a familiar and branded experience. The use of themes, templates, voguish fonts, consistent colours develops a brand within the minds of customers who then gain th e brand easily generating a recall.SpeedIt is a fast touching world and people are in a aeonian hurry. The customers now want it fast and easy. Online customers want their closures in a moments time without postponement longer on the website. Thus it is necessary that service delivery is silky and customers are given what they ask instantly.Emotional ConnectionMarketing today is all about making an emotional connection that establishes a relevancy to customers. Organizations need to cement the emotional and personal connection.HOW DO YOU PLAN TO capture MONEY?CHOOSING A BUSINESS MODEL..In simplest terms, a business model is a plan that an organization uses to generate income. It is a compounding of many factors like the potential market or niche and how does the organization plan to reach it, the value proposition and other elements which are essential to sustain business in the long run. The company may save many marketing choices at its disposal but it needs to keep the ab ilities and costs associated with each marketing effort in mind.PPC (Pay Per Click) Business mannequinUsing the PPC model organizations can advertise the product or service in the explore engines (Google, Yahoo and MSN) themselves. Organizations bid on keywords related to their business and cede for advertising only when a user clicks on the ad and visits the site. The ad is triggered when a user types in a search interrogative which matches the keywords that were bided on. The marketer who bids the highest gets his ad displayed somewhere on top of the search results provided by the engine. In this way the company has complete control over when and where the ads are displayed. Depending upon the time of the day the ads can even be turned on or off. The geographic locations wherein the ads leave behind be run can overly be decided by the marketer. In relation to the competitors the ad position is determined by maximum cost per click (CPC) multiplied by click-through rate. It i s only when somebody actually clicks on the ad that the search engine gets paid. In this way the top position needs to be bring in by written material ads that tempt searchers to click on it and explore the site.PPC is a tidy fit for marketers if they Like to work with huge amounts of keyword information. Are giveing to invest the time needed to do daily research and updates to accounts. learn more specie than time and are willing to spend money to make money. Like working with statistics. Like analyzing (and reanalyzing) results. Know how to write junior-grade classified ads. Have an advertising budget of at least $ class Celsius per month, per campaign.SEO (Search Engine Optimization) Business pretenceOrganizations get their site indexed and pointed in natural search results for search terms that are related to the business or certain keywords. For example, when someone searches a term-schools or restaurants , on Google, the nett sites that pop up first are determined by SEO. The search engines fixed algorithms determine these results and rankings. In such(prenominal) a type of a natural environment the owners do not have much control as to when and where the site will be displayed as in the PPC model. There is thus no cost associated with this model. The only resource required is time. The sites that rank among the top generally have strong inbound colligate and good content. This amounts for a hazard of unornamented traffic.A few things to keep in mind while building up the site Put the keywords in the title of the scallywag, as well in the file name if possible. The domain name should consist of the keyword. Write articles and web copy with the appropriate keywords in mind (and only a few keywords per article or web scalawag).SEO is a good fit for marketers if they Like to research a topic in depth. have a go at it writing content a lot of content Can be persevering and have time to wait for traffic (and profits) to increase.Have a circumscribed budget. Enjoy spending most of the time on one site to consistently track SEO status and make changes to increase visibility. Enjoy doing keyword research and writing content ground on just a few keywords at a time. Just like to make sales and dont really care where they come from (natural search result sales can be hard to track).Content Business ModelIn this miscellany of model the emphasis is on writing articles with a particular keyword or phrases. Within the article, links are provided to the merchants products. Articles may be in the form of press releases, product reviews, personal recommendations, informative content or original fresh content. Good content automatically raises the page rank since it gets linked to more often. Also penalization can be avoided if the content is original and not copied from some other sites. Interesting articles seduce more traffic and lead to increase sales. The content should be updated, pertinent and act as a valued informa tion source. Visitors should enjoy variant the article and it is the articles content that should give them every reason to visit the website where the organization can market its product.The content model is a good fit if for marketers if they Like to research a topic in depth. Enjoy writing content a lot of content Can be patient and have time to wait for traffic (and profits) to increase. Have a limited budget. Enjoy spending most of time on one site/topic and have time to devote to content development each week. Enjoy doing keyword research and writing content based on just a few keywords at a time. Like to make changes to a site by consistently adding many pages of content. Enjoy setting up tracking links so you can find out where you sales are advent from. Like to manage large sites with possibly thousands of pages. Enjoy making sales for years to come from articles written in the past.Whichever business model the organization chooses the pay off for the strategy comes onl y when full time and commitment is devoted to it.Paid vs. Free ContentIn a survey conducted by A.C.Nielsen across 52 countries comprising 27,000 consumers, 85% prefer that free content remain free. The online content that consumers are willing to pay for includes generally those that they pay for offline and which is produced at a high cost. This includes music, movies, games and some other television shows. On the other guide they refuse to pay for user generated material like blogs and videos. Before they chip in an amount, Online users need the fulfillment of certain criteria by the content produced.78% of participants believe if they already subscribe to a newspaper,magazine, radio or television service, they should be ableto use its online content for free.71% of global consumers say onlinecontent of any kind will have to be considerably betterthan what is currently free before they will pay for it.Nearly eight out of every ten (79%) would no longer use awebsite that campaig ns them, presuming they can find thesame information at no cost.As a group, they are ambivalent about whether the qualityof online content would suffer if companies could notcharge for it 34% think so while 30% do not and theremaining 36% have no firm opinion. But they are far more united (62%) in their conviction thatonce they purchase content, it should be theirs to copy orshare with whomever they want.Organizations are now experimenting with different payment models, like micropayments, full service subscriptions to individual transactions. Regardless of what they offer and choose, organizations will continue advertising and along with paid content visitors will have still see ads. 64% believe that if they are paying(a) for online content then there should be no ads. On the other hand 47% are ready to accept great advertising to subsidize free content. There is no consensus on this subject till date and in the near future online visitors and consumers will make their decisions based on the value of the online content.CONNECT AND PROMOTESOCIAL MEDIA CHANGING THE typeface OF ONLINE MARKETINGThe advent of kindly media has drastically changed online marketing. Now a age organizations devote an entire department to social media. Every campaign on social media is tailored to the needs of the company. A dance company will promote itself through videos posted on YouTube on the other hand a business minded outlet like LinkedIn may be chosen by a corporation trying to promote itself to different companies. A connection is established between organizations, businesses and people due to the strength to send friend requests, post comments and join networks. All this form a part of continuous extensive user interaction. People want to connect with real people. The information online spreads at a very fast rate. genius just needs to re-tweet on twitter, or suggest a Facebook page or forward an email to friends and family.All this is driving a whacking change in the way brand marketing works. New ideas have been inspired on the relationship between paid and earn media and their partake on the brand. Marketers are moving from a broadcast-based marketing relationship with consumers to a relationship that more explicitly considers how traditional paid media drives earned media-where consumers flat engage with the marketing messages and pass them along to their friends.gain mediaEarlier earned media was looked upon as the number of quantify a brand was mentioned in the newspapers or tv programs. Today however these are not the only form of earned distribution. Today it is the consumer who endorses the brand to his online friends. In such a scenario, tools like organic impressions by Facebook and other options provided by social media networks are exploited to send across the brand message. Hybrid options of paid and earned media are now being used by publishers to create a greater impact. Thus unlike the traditional approach where there was a panorama of the brand message degrading by the word of mouth, the brand now directly interacts with the consumer. When it comes to making decisions related to purchasing consumers rely on friends more than anyone else. This provides for a vast pool of opportunities in the growing variety of social media outlets.Encouraging Brand AdvocatesIn advertising there is a constant need to create and encourage brand advocates. It is these advocates who are brand loyal and have an influence on the purchasing decisions of others. This is achieved on Facebook via social ads. When an ad is served to a user the names of the users friends who are fans of that brand are contained in the ad unit. The effectiveness of advertisements is actually positively affected by such lightweight forms of endorsements.Organic ExposureThe ability to create earned media using an ad campaign is the main point of attraction to social media for marketers. The newsfeed stories on facebook is one such example of earned media. These stories termed as organic impressions are sent out to friends of users who involve with ads on Facebook. The ad recall was increased by 10% due to exposure to a homepage ad. Also the brand awareness was increased by 4% on an average. (Source Survey conducted by A.C.Nielsen)How Organic Frequency Drives ImpactA number of exposures to the same message still increase the recall. It shows the strong ability of organic impressions to impact the consumers over a long duration for absorbing the messages. This beats the traditional form of advertising.Earned Media Engagement and ReachInteresting homepage impressions must be developed to maximize the reach of earned media. A strong relationship is find between the number of impressions and engagement rate of an ad campaign because the impressions are generated via interactions with ad unit which are posted as stories in users friends feeds. The hassle of the impressions being tough to scale and marketers trying to reach a lot o f people needs to be appropriately addressed.Types of Media on FBConcept of Earned MediaBrands as Communities on Social MediaThe social media sites enable organizations to form product groups and fan pages. In this way opinion form brand drumbeater can be seeked. However what does a company do to attract a new pool of customers? A site called Gather.com allows organizations to gain access to people who have not yet experienced the brand offered. This website links people with similar interests rather than with friends or known people. It attracts 8.1 million visitors every month. Feedbacks are also provided regularly to members friends. In this way the site has become an important spot for marketers introducing new products.Badges and Publicity Engaging UsersA location based social network site called Foursquare rewards the users with different types of virtual badges for using the service on their cell phones from various destinations. These are like virtual awards that the users earn. For example, a jetsetter badge is earned by a user if he uses Foursquare at five different airports. Reinforcement of a particular kind of behavior i.e. checking in as many times as possible, is the idea behind this. Till date over one million badges have been awarded to more than 5,00,000 users. New badges are introduced every now and then to avoid boredome and badge fatigue. It creates excitement among the users as well as an environment of positive reinforcement. The more one plays, the more one wins in conclusion IS YOUR MARKETING INVESTMENT DELIVERING THE EXPECTED RESULTS?MARKETING ROIWith the increasing competition and customers becoming more and more price conscious, it becomes essential for marketers to ensure that they are maximize the returns. For every rupee spent on marketing, the amount of sales achieved need to be known. Resources should be allocated to those activities which help achieve higher sales. Also the focus of marketing investment should be on campaig ns that create the greatest resplendency effect i.e. the extent to which one brands marketing activity positively influences sales of other brands in the portfolio. The ones which have a positive impact on sales should be invested in further. The method for achieving results will differ across a brands portfolio. A tailored strategy is required for each brand and product since each has a different personality and target audience. finding The Wide World of Internet MarketingFor someone entering the field of Internet marketing, the opportunities are vast. Most marketing professionals have a bachelors degree in some area of communication, such as advertising, marketing, or English. You can get very specialized. Desmet says. You could work for basically any company because these days almost every business has a marketing department. Sports teams need marketing departments to keep their image and brand in the public eye. Hospitals use marketing to create awareness of their achievements and support for their communitys needs. All businesses need to promote themselves, so theres a marketing position out there to suit nearly any interest. For those having difficulty picking just one specialty, there are marketing firms that work with clients across a number of industries.The foundation for marketing is that you have to be an excellent communicator, whatever your specialty may be, Desmet says. Marketing for the most part requires a creative approach. You always have to be coming up with fresh ideas.